1. Microbial Growth Control Growth Inhibition Sterilization Bacteriostatic Bactericidal Disinfectants

2. Heat Sterilization Decimal Reduction Time Spores Denaturation

3. Sterilization Autoclave 121 C, 15 lb, 15 min Moist heat Dry Heat Higher temperatures 160 C, 2 hrs

4. Pasteurization Flash Pasteurization 71 C, 15 seconds Bulk Pasteurization 63-66 C, 30 min

5. Cold Sterilization Radiation Gamma radiation UV light, X-rays

6. Filter Sterilization Depth Filters –HEPA –99.9% of 0.3 μm Membrane (Millipore) Filters Nucleopore Filters

7. Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilization Sterilants Packaged plastics

8. Antimicrobial Agents Bactericidal Fungicidal Viricidal Selective Toxicity

9. Measuring Activity Minimum inhibitory Concentration Tube Dilution Agar (Disk) Diffusion

10. Antiseptic Disinfectant Sanitizers Organic Material neutralizes Chemotherapeutic Agents

11. Paul Ehrlich Chemist in Koch’s Lab Staining “Magic Bullet” Agent 606 Salvarsan

12. Target Sites for Antibiotics

13. Growth Factor Analogs: - Sulfanilamide – Folic Acid Synthesis - Sulfa Drugs Quinolones – DNA Gyrase Isoniazid

14. Worldwide Production of Antibiotics Antibiotics -Produced by Microorganisms -Narrow vs. Broad Spectrum -500 metric tons/yr -Natural vs. -Semisynthetic

15.  Lactam Antibiotics  Lactam Ring Penicillin G Semisynthetic Penicillin –Ampicillin –Methicillin Cephalosporin

16. Aminoglycosides Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Gram Negative Bacteria Streptomycin – TB Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Neomycin

17. Other Antibiotics Macrolides – Erythromycin 11% worldwide Legionellosis Tetracyclines First Broad spectrum

18. Other Antibiotics contd Daptomycin Cytoplasmic membranes Platensimycin Fatty acid synthesis

19. Antiviral Drugs Nucleos(t)ide Analogs Protease inhibitors Poor Selective Toxicity??? Interferon Rhinovirus

21. Influenza Antiviral agents Amantidine –Viral uncoating Osetltamvir –Tamiflu Zanamivir –Relenza –Neuraminidase

22. Chromosomal Resistance R Plasmids Conjugative Drug Misuse 20% justified, 80% given, 50% not correctly used Antibiotic Resistance

23. Search for New Antibiotics New Analogs tetracylcines, penicillins Combinational Chemistry Computer Design Saquinavir Natural Products Platensimycin Drug Combinations Bacteriophage

24. Growth Control Word List Growth Inhibition Sterilization Bacteriostatic Bactericidal Disinfection Heat Sterilization Decimal Reduction Time Spores Autoclave 121 C, 15 lb, 15 Minutes Pasteurization 63-66 C for 30 Minutes 71 C for 15 Seconds Radiation Filter Sterilization Depth Filters Membrane (Millipore) Filters Nucleopore Filter

25. Growth Control Word List 2 Antimicrobial Agent Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Viricidal Selective Toxicity Minimum Inhibitory Conc. Tube Dilution Agar Diffusion Method Antiseptic Disinfectant Chemotherapeutic Agents Paul Ehrlich – Magic Bullet Agent 606 - Salvarsan Growth Factor Analogs Sulfa Drugs Sulfanilamide Folic Acid Synthesis Quinolones Antibiotics Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic

26. Growth Control Word List 3 β – Lactam Ring Penicillins Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin Macrolides Erythromycin Tetracyclines Antiviral Agents Interferons Nucleos(t)ide analogs Protease Inhibitors Fungal Control Drug Resistance Conjugative R Plasmids Drug Misuse

27. Growth Control Word List 4 Search for New Drugs New Analogs Designer Drugs 10/27/2015