1. Chapter 16
Cellular signal transduction
第 十 六 章 细 胞 信 息 传 递

2. A general introduction
概 述

3. When outer environment changes：
Unicellular organism ——
Directly responds to
extraneous signals.
Multicellular ——
transmits the information by the intercellular complicated signal transduction system, and regulates the activity of body.
外界环境变化时：
单细胞生物 —— 直接作出反应
多细胞生物 ——
通过细胞间复杂的信号传递系统来传递信息，从而调控机体活动

4. Intercellular signal transduction can be transduced by：
* directly contact between adjacent cells.
* Regulation of metabolism and function of itself and other cells by means of secreting chemical substances by cells.
细胞之间传递信息可通过：
相邻细胞直接接触
细胞分泌化学物质来调节自身和其他细胞的代谢和功能
调节细胞生命活动的化学物质
—— 信息物质
chemical substances which regulate the life activity of cells ——signaling substance

5. General manner of intercellular signal transduction :
stimulation
target cell
secretive cell
细胞间信息传递的一般方式:
刺激 靶细胞 分泌细胞 血管 信息物质 受体 靶细胞
target cell

6. second messengers
signal
substance
(first messenger)
receptor
effector protein
effector protein
信息物质 受体 第二信使 效应蛋白
(第一信使) 效应蛋白

7. section 1
signaling substances
第 一 节
信息物质

8. Ⅰ、 Intercellular signaling substance
* Definition
A general designation of chemical substances which are secreted by the cells in order to regulate the life activity of the target cells.
一、细胞间信息物质
定 义
由细胞分泌的调节靶细胞生命活动的化学物质的统称。
化学性质
包括蛋白质和肽类、氨基酸及其衍生物、类固醇激素、脂酸衍生物及一氧化氮等。
* Chemical character
protein, peptide, amino acid derivatives, steroid hormone, fatty acid derivatives, NO and so on

9. * Classification 1、Local chemical medium 分 类 Paracrine signal 1、局部化学介质
分 类
1、局部化学介质
旁分泌信号，paracrine signal

10. characteristics ：
Paracrine signal molecules are secreted by common cells in vivo ；
Paracrine signal molecule do not enter blood circulation, but arrive nearby target cells by diffusion.
The effective time is usually short.
特点：
由体内某些普通细胞分泌；
不进入血循环，通过扩散作用到达附近的靶细胞；
一般作用时间较短
例如：
生长因子、NO、前列腺素等
For instance:
growth factor, NO, prostaglandins and so on.

11. 2、Hormones
Endocrine signal
2、激素
（内分泌信号，endocrine signal）

12. Characteristics：
endocrine signal molecule are secreted by endocrine cells which are specially differentiated;
arrive the target cells through the blood circulation;
effective time of most of them is longer.
特点：
由特殊分化的内分泌细胞分泌 ；
通过血液循环到达靶细胞 ；
大多数作用时间较长。
例如：
胰岛素、甲状腺素、肾上腺素等
For instance:
Insulin, thyroxine, adrenalin and so on.

13. 3. Neural transmitter 3， 神经递质 Characteristic ：
synapse-secreted signal;
secreted by nerve cell;
arrive to the target cell
through the synaptic cleft ；
effective time is short.
3， 神经递质
特点：
（突触分泌信号，synaptic signal）
由神经元细胞分泌；
通过突触间隙到达下一个神经细胞；
作用时间较短。
例如：
乙酰胆碱、去甲肾上腺素等
e.g.
acetylcholine、noradrenaline and so on .

14. Others ：
Some intercellular signaling substances can act on the same cell or on the secreting cells themselves. They are called autocrine signal.
Some intercellular signaling substances can transmit information in different bodies, e.g. Insect sex hormone.
其他 ：
有些细胞间信息物质能对同种细胞或分泌细胞自身起调节作用，称为自分泌信号( autocrine signal）
有些细胞间信息物质可在不同的个体间传递信息，如昆虫的性激素。

15. the pathways of intercellular signaling substances affect the cellular functions
Type
Signal substance
Receptor
Changes in the cells
Neural
transmitter
acetylcholine、glutamic acid、Υ–amido-butyric acid.
membrane receptor
Effect on the on-off of ion channel
Growth factor
insulin-linked growth factor-1 、epidermal growth factor 、platelet-derived growth factor.
resulting in phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of enzyme protein and function protein, change the metabolism of cell and gene expression.
Hormone
protein、polypeptide and amino acid ramification and so on hormone、steroid hormone、thyroxine.
Membrane receptor
intracellular receptor
Ditto.
Effect the transcription of genes.
细胞间信息物质影响细胞功能的途径
种类 信息物质 受体 引起细胞内的变化
神经递质 乙酰胆碱、 质膜受体 影响离子通道关闭
谷氨酸、
Υ–氨基丁酸
生长因子 胰岛素样生长因 -1、 质膜受体 引起酶蛋白和功能蛋白的磷酸化和
去磷酸化，改变细胞的代谢和基因表达
表皮生长因子、
血小板衍生生长因子
激素 蛋白质、多肽及氨基酸衍生 质膜受体胞内受体 同上
影响转录
物类激素类固醇激素、
甲状腺素

16. 二、细 胞 内 信 息 物 质 Ⅱ、Intracellular signaling substance
* Definition Chemical substance which is transmiting cell regulation signals within the cells .
* Chemical property:
Inorganic ions： Ca2+
二、细 胞 内 信 息 物 质
定 义 在细胞内传递细胞调控信号的化学物质。
化学性质
无机离子：如 Ca2+
脂类衍生物：如DAG、Cer
糖类衍生物：如IP3
核苷酸：如cAMP、cGMP
信号蛋白分子
Derivative of lipid ：DAG、Cer
Derivative of saccharide: IP3
nucleotide：cAMP、cGMP
signal protein molecule

17. ※ Secondary messenger
Small molecules which are used to transduce information within the cells.
For instances：
Ca2+、DAG、IP3、Cer、cAMP、cGMP and so on .
第二信使
在细胞内传递信息的小分子物质，如：Ca2+、DAG、IP3、Cer、cAMP、cGMP等。

18. Section 2 receptor
第二节 受 体

19. ※ Receptor
Receptors are proteins, anchored in cell membrane or in the cells, which can recognize and bind with specific biological active molecules, and result in biological effect.
受体（receptor）
是细胞膜上或细胞内能特别识别生物活性分子并与之结合，进而引起生物学效应的特殊蛋白质。
能与受体呈特异性结合的生物活性分子则称配体（ligand
※ Ligand
biological active molecules which can bind with receptor are named as ligand.

20. Intracellular receptor
The receptors located in the cytosol and nucleus are all DNA binding proteins.
Membrane receptor
胞内受体
位于细胞浆和细胞核中的受体，全部为DNA结合蛋白。
膜受体
存在于细胞质膜上的受体，绝大部分是镶嵌糖蛋白。
Large number of the receptors located on the plasma membrane are enchasing glycoprotein 。

21. Ⅰ.Classification, structure and function of receptors
1. Membrane receptor
circular receptor——the ion channel
dependent on the ligand
Acetylcholine receptor
一、受体的分类、一般结构与功能
（一） 膜受体
1. 环状受体 —— 配体依赖性离子通道
乙酰胆碱受体

23. B. -helix receptor with seven transmembrane fragments
—serpentine receptor
2. 七个跨膜螺旋受体—蛇型受体
（serpentine receptor）
G蛋白偶联区
G protein couple region

24. ※ GTP/GDP binding protein
G protein, which is combined with GTP or GDP, is a kind of peripheric protein which is located on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. It is composed of three subunits: 、、.
G protein has two conformations：inactive state; active state.
guanylate binding protein （G protein）
G protein is 是一类和GTP或GDP相结合、位于细胞膜胞浆面的外周蛋白peripheral protein，由三个亚基组成。
there are two conformations：inactive state; active state.

25. G protein cycle Inactive Active
图１６－２ 两 种 Ｇ 蛋 白 的 活 性 型 和 非 活 性 型 的 互 变
非 活 性 型
活 性 型
G protein cycle

27. Signal transduction mediated by this receptor can be reduced to：
hormone
receptor
G protein
enzyme
second messenger
Protein kinase
此类受体的信息传递可归纳为：
激素 受体
Ｇ蛋白 酶 第二信使
蛋白激酶
酶或其他功能蛋白
生 物 学 效 应
Enzyme or other functional protein
biological effect

28. G proteins in the process of the signal transduction
Type of G protein -subunit Function
Gs s S timulating AC
Ｇi ｉ Inhibiting AC
Ｇq q PLC stimulating specifically
phosphoinositol
Ｇo* o In brain the main G protein
which can regulate the ion
channel
Transportor Ｔa Stimulating vision
信息传递过程中的Ｇ蛋白
Ｇ蛋白的类型 亚基 功 能
Gs s 激活腺苷酸环化酶
Ｇi ｉ 抑制腺苷酸环化酶
Ｇq q 激活磷脂酰肌醇特
异性的磷脂酶Ｃ
Ｇo* o 大脑中主要的Ｇ蛋
白,可调节离子通道
传导素 Ｔa 激 活 视 觉
AC: adenylate cyclase
PLC: phospholipase C

29. C． -helix receptor with single transmembrane fragment：
IgG-linked
sequence
membrane
TPK
图16-3 含 TPK 结 构 域 的 受 体
３．单个跨膜螺旋受体：
膜 富含 Cys区段 免疫球蛋白样序列 激酶插入序列
EGF-R
IgG: immunoglobulins

30. Tyrosine protein kinase-linked receptor：
Receptor has the activity of tyrosine protein kinase after binding with ligand. For instance: insulin receptor IGF-R epithelium growth factor EGF-R）
Receptor not linked with tyrosine protein kinase：
Receptor is linked with tyrosine protein kinase after binding with ligand so to produce the activity of TPK. For instance: growth hormone receptor, interferon receptor.

31. Autophosphorylation：
Some receptors with a single transmembrane fragment have the activity of catalysis. When they bind with ligand, they will form a receptor-dimer. The TPK in each monomer will be activated, and phosphorylate their counterpart in dimer. This process is known as autophosphorylatoin.
自身磷酸化（autophosphorylation)：
当配体与单跨膜螺旋受体结合后，催化型受体大多数发生二聚化，二聚体TPK的被激活，彼此可使对方的某些氨基酸残基磷酸化，这一过程称为自身磷酸化。

32. Acting mechanism of EGF:
表皮生长因子受体作用机制：

34. 2. Intracellular receptor
A． Structure of receptor
ＮＨ2
COOH
Highly variable domain
DNA binding domain
（二） 胞内受体
1.受体的结构
高度可变区
DNA结合区
激素结合区
hormone binding site

35. Steroid hormone, thyroxine and retinoic acid and so on
B. Correlated ligand ——
Steroid hormone, thyroxine and retinoic acid and so on
C. Function ——
Most of intracellular receptors are trans-acting factors. After binding to the corresponding ligands, they can bind with DNA cis-acting elements to regulate gene transcription.
２ 相关配体 ——
类固醇激素、甲状腺素和维甲酸等
３ 功 能 ——
多为反式作用因子，当与相应配体结合后，能与DNA的顺式作用元件结合，调节基因转录。

36. Ⅱ 、acting characteristic of receptor
High specificity
High affinity
Saturability
Reversibility
二、受 体 作 用的 特 点
高度专一性
高度亲和力
可饱和性
可逆性
特定的作用模式
Specifically
acting mode

37. Ⅲ、Regulation of the activity of receptor
Influence of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
Influence of metabolism of membrane lipid
enzymatic hydrolysis
Regulation of Ｇprotein
三、受 体 活 性 的 调 节
磷 酸 化 与 脱 磷 酸 化 作 用
膜 磷 脂 的 代 谢 的 影 响
酶 促 水 解 作 用
Ｇ 蛋 白 的 调 节

38. section 3 The pathway of signal transduction
第三节
信息的传递途径

39. 膜受体介导的信息传递 ： 胞内受体介导的信息传递 :
Signal transduction mediaed intracellular receptor：
Signal transduction mediaed membrane receptor：
膜受体介导的信息传递 ：
胞内受体介导的信息传递 :

40. 1. Signal transduction mediated by membrane receptor：
The pathway of cAMP-protein kinase
The pathway of cGMP-protein kinase
– The pathway of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase
一、膜受体介导的信息传递：
cAMP- 蛋白激酶途径
cGMP- 蛋白激酶途径
Ca2+- 依赖性蛋白激酶途径
酪氨酸蛋白激酶途径
核因子 途径
the pathway of tyrosine protein kinase
the pathway of nuclear factor  

41. Receptor，G protein，AC，cAMP , PKA
A. The pathway of signal transduction mediated by cAMP-protein kinase A
a、constituents：
Extracellular signaling molecules（mainly are glucagon、adrenalin and adrenotrophin）.
（一）cAMP-蛋白激酶Ａ途径
1、组 成：
胞外信息分子（主要是胰高血糖素、肾上腺素和促肾上腺皮质激素）
受体，G蛋白，AC，cAMP , PKA
Receptor，G protein，AC，cAMP , PKA

42. b． Synthesis and degradation of cAMP ：
phosphodiesterase
H2O
Mg2+
PPi
ATP ＡＣ
Mg2+
cAMP
2.cAMP的合成与分解
磷酸二酯酶

43. (Phosphodiesterase, PDE)
ATP
(Adenylate cyclase, AC) AC
PPi
cAMP
PDE
H2O
AMP
腺苷酸环化酶
磷酸二酯酶
(Phosphodiesterase, PDE)

44. C．Acting mechanism of cAMP：R C R C ＋
4cAMP ＋
３．cAMP的作用机制：
cAMP 蛋 白 激 酶 的 激 活
Ｃ： 催 化 亚 基 Ｒ： 调 节 亚 基
Activates of cAMP protein kinase
Ｃ：catalytic subunit Ｒ： regulation subunit

45. （cAMP-dependent protein kinase，PKA）
Serine/threonine protein kinases family
R： 调节亚基
C： 催化亚基
R：regulation subunit
C：catalytic subunit

46. realize the regulation by phosphorylating the effector proteins.
D．Effect of PKA ：
（a） regulation on metabolism
realize the regulation by phosphorylating the effector proteins.
４．PKA的作用：
（１） 对代谢的调节作用
通过对效应蛋白的磷酸化作用，实现其调节功能。

47. G-1-P glycogen n+1 G-6-P Glu UDPG 糖原 UDP Pi glycogen synthase
UTP
UDPG
PPi
UDP Pi
phosphorylase 糖原
糖原合酶

48. ⊕ ⊕ PKA  激活Ｇ蛋白 PKA inhibitorＩa adrenalin＋receptor
complex
Activating Ｇ-protein
Activating AC
ATP
cAMP
phosphorlatase
kinase b
ATP
kinase a
PPi
phosphoprotein phosphatase
H2O
PKA ⊕ 
phosphorylase ｂ
phosphorylase ａ
ATP
肾上腺素 ＋受体
肾上腺素 · 受体复合物
激活Ｇ蛋白
激活AC
肾上腺素对糖原代谢的影响
磷酸化酶激酶ｂ
磷蛋白磷酸酶
磷酸化酶ｂ
抑制物Ｉb ⊕
PKA
inhibitorＩa
inhibitorＩb
ATP
phosphoprotein phosphatase
PPi
Effection of Adrenalin on the metabolism of glycogen

49. Phosphorylation of substrate protein by PKA
substrate results of physilologocal
phosphorylation significance
histone lose repression promote transcription
on transcription and synthesis of protein
ribosome promote promote the synthesis
Protein translation of protein
membrane change of conformation change of permeability
protein and function of membrane ion channel
tubulin change of conformation influence the secretion
and function function of cells
myogen of eacy to bind with Ca enhance the contraction
cardiac muscle cardiac muscle

50. （b）Regulation effect on gene expression
In transcription regulatory region of the genes regulated by cAMP, there is a consensus sequenc（TGACGTCA）which is known as cAMP response element (CRE).
cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) can interact with CRE to regulate the transcription of the gene.
（２）对基因表达的调节作用
受cAMP调控的基因中，在其转录调控区有一共同的DNA序列（TGACGTCA）,称为cAMP应答元件（ cAMP response element , CRE）。
可与cAMP应答元件结合蛋白  cAMP response element binding protein,CREB）相互作用而调节此基因的转录。

51. cell membrane
nucleus membrane
蛋 白磷 酸 化
细胞膜
转录活化域
DNA结合域 核膜

53. （二）the pathway of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase
The pathway of Ca2+－phospholipid
dependent protein kinase
（二）Ca2+－依赖性蛋白激酶途径
1、Ca2+－ 磷脂依赖性蛋白激酶途径
(1) 第二信使： DAG，IP3
(1) Second messenger： DAG，IP3

54. * The production of DAG，IP3:
PIP2
PLC
DAG + IP３
DAG，IP3的生成：

55. Ca2+-DAG-PKC pathway lecithin phosphatidic acid
phosphatidic acid hydrolase
Regulation of metabolism
Gene expression
Ca2+-DAG-PKC pathway

56. * Function of DAG，IP3 ： DAG：
DAG, phosphatidylserine and Ca2+ cooperate to activate PKC by allosteric effect.
IP3 ：
bind to the receptor on endoplasmic reticulum so to promote the release of Ca2+.

58. (2) Structure and function of PKC
Structure and typing:
There are four conservative regions of amino acid sequence (C1, C2, C3, C4 ) and variable regions（Ｖ），dividing into regulation region and catalytic region.
(2) PKC 的结构与功能
结构与分型：其氨基酸序列有四个保守区（C1、C2、C3、C4 )和可变区（Ｖ），分为调节域和催化域

59. site of transfer of phosphate group
C1：
Cys-rich
DAG binding site and
TPA binding site
regulation region
C2：
Ca2+ binding site
C3：
ATP binding site
catalytic region
调 节 域 C1：富含 Cys，DAG、TPA 结合部位 C2：Ca2+ 结合部位
催 化 域 C3：ATP 结合部位 C4：结合底物并进行磷酸化转移的场所
C4：
substrate binding,
site of transfer of phosphate group

60. Ca2+-dependent type：，，
classification
Ca2+ non-dependent type： 、、、、 C1 C2 C3 C4
，，
regulatory region
catalytic
region C1 C3 C4
、、、
分 类 Ca2+ 依赖型 Ca2+ 非依赖型
调 节 域
催 化 域  C3 C4 C1

61. * The function of physiology of PKC
① Regulating metabolism
The activated PKC cause a series of phosphorylation of Ser, Thr residues of target proteins.
* PKC的生理功能
① 调节代谢：
活化的PKC引起一系列靶蛋白的丝 、苏氨酸残基磷酸化。
靶蛋白包括： 质膜受体、膜蛋白和多种酶。
Target proteins include：
Membrane receptors,
Membrane proteins and various enzymes.

62. ② Regulation on gene expression：
The activation of genes by PKC include early response and late response.
② 调节基因表达：
PKC 对基因的活化分为早期反应和晚期反应。

63. Early activation and late activation of genes by PKC
c-fos
AP1 / c-jun Pi
mRNAs
C-fos
AP1/C-jun
signal
Early activation and late activation of genes by PKC
Early activation
Late activation
Cell membrane
receptor
nucleus
TRE
5’TGACTCA3’
DNA
信 号 受体
早 期 活 化
晚 期 活 化
细胞膜
PKC 对 基 因 的 早 期 活 化 和 晚 期 活 化

65. 2. The pathway of Ca2+-CaM-dependent protein kinase
(the pathway of Ca2+-CaM kinase )
(1) constituents：
receptor, G protein, PLC, IP3, Ca2+,
calmodulin, CaM-kinase
calmodulin (CaM)
CaM has four Ca2+-binding sites. CaM and Ca2+ work together to activate CaM-kinase, and phosphorylate many proteins (Ser/Thr residues).

67. Receptor，Guanylate cyclase (GC ) ，cGMP, PKG
三、The pathway of cGMP-protein kinase
1. constituents：
Receptor，Guanylate cyclase (GC ) ，cGMP, PKG
2、Synthesis and degradation of cGMP
三、cGMP- 蛋 白 激 酶 途 径
1、组成：
受体，鸟苷酸环化酶（guanylate, GC )，
cGMP, PKG
2、 cGMP的合成和降解
磷酸二酯酶 GＣ
phosphodiesterase
GTP
cGMP
5′- GMP
Mg2+
Ca2+ or Mg2+
PPi
H2O

68. 3、function of PKG PKG的功能 *生理效应：如心钠素、NO舒张血管平滑肌。
Phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues of proteins or enzymes NO GC
PKG
phosphorylation of proteins
G protein
GTP
cGMP
hormone R
Cell membrane
PKG的功能
使有关蛋白或酶类的丝、苏氨酸残基磷酸化 蛋白质磷酸化
激 素
*生理效应：如心钠素、NO舒张血管平滑肌。

69. 四、The pathway of tyrosine protein kinase
（ tyrosine – protein kinase , TPK ）
Classificatoin:
Receptor-TPK（on cell membrane）
for instance: insulin receptor, growth facter receptor, and receptors coded by proto-oncogenes (erb-B, kit, fins etc.)
四、酪氨酸蛋白激酶途径
酪氨酸蛋白激酶
分 类：
受体型TPK（位于细胞质膜上）
如胰岛素受体、生长因子受体及原癌基因（erb-B、
kit、fins等）编码的受体；
非受体型TPK（位于胞浆）
如JAK和原癌基因（src、yes、ber-abl等）编码的TPK
Non-receptor-TPK（in cytosol）
such as JAK and TPK coded by proto-oncogenes（src, yes, bcr-abl）

70. 1. Receptor-TPK-ras-MAPK pathway 1、constituents:
catalytic receptor, Grb2, SOS , Ras protein, Raf protein, MAPK system
Grb2 (growth factor receptor bound protein 2)
SH2
SH3
SH2 domain ( src homology domain 2) ：
SH2 is the consensus amino acid sequence in some linking proteins in cells. SH2 domain is homologous to tyrosine-protein kinase region coded by proto-oncogene src. This region can recognize and bind the phosphorylated tyrosine residue.

71. Ras：product of proto-oncogene，similar to G subunit of G protein
SOS（son of sevenless)：
Proline-rich，can bind to SH3, and promote the conversion of GDP in Ras to GTP.
Raf protein：has the activity of Ser/Thr protein kinase.
Ras：原癌基因产物，类似与Ｇ蛋白的G亚基
SOS（GEF：guanosine exchange factor)：
富含脯氨酸，可与SH3结合, 促使Ras的GDP换成GTP。
Raf蛋白：具有丝／苏氨酸蛋白激酶活性
MAPK系统（mitogen-activated protein kinase)：
包括MAPK、MAPK激酶（MAPKK）、MAPKK激酶（MAPKKK），是一组酶兼底物的蛋白分子。
MAPK system（mitogen-activated protein kinase)：
Include MAPK, MAPK kinase (MAPKK), MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK)，a group of proteins which are both enzymes and substrates.

72. Ras-GTP Raf MAPKK 细胞膜 MAPK 具PTK活性的受体 调节基因表达 调节其它蛋白质活性
extracellular signal
EGF、PDF and so on.
PTK-linked active receptor
GRB2
SOS
Ras-GTP
Cell membrane
dimer P
Raf
MAPKK
MAPK P P
nucleus
trans-acting factor
Regulation of gene expression
细胞膜
细胞外信号EGF、PDF等
二聚化
具PTK活性的受体
调节基因表达
调节其它蛋白质活性
Regulation of other proteins activated

73. The activation of Ras protein and its action in signal transduction
unactivated receptor
unactivated Ras
activation of receptor
activation of Ras
kinases system
Other enzyme effector
The activation of Ras protein and its action in signal transduction

74. outside of cell
inside of cell

75. Activation of PDGF receptor and signal transduction
dimerization
Cell membrane
cytosol
Activation of PDGF receptor and signal transduction

77. 2. The pathway of JAKs-STAT
form：noncatalytic receptor；JAKs;
signal transducer and transcription
activator （STAT）
2. JAKs-STAT途径
组成：非催化性受体；JAKs; 信号转导子
和转录激动子（STAT）

81. （ 五）The pathway of nuclear factor Ｂ
nuclear factor-  B (NF- B) :
TNF
Cer etc. kinase system
Infection by virus, lipidsaccharide, active oxygen intermediates and so on
PKA、PKC etc.
Activation of NF- B

82. TNF + 受体
Cer及其激酶体系
PKA途径等
NF- B
非活性复合物
活性NF- B
移入细胞核
激活基因转录
* NF- B的激活过程示意图
Sketch map of activation
pathway of NF- B

83. the pathway mainly involves the signal transduction in the process of body defence response, tissue damage and stress, differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibitation on the growth of tumor.
该途径主要涉及机体防御反应、组织损伤和应激、细胞分化和凋亡，以及肿瘤生长抑制过程的信息传递。

84. Ⅱ、Signal transduction mediated by intracellular receptor
nuclear receptor
cytosolic receptor
ligand：
steroid hormone
thyroxine
二、胞内受体介导的信息传递
胞内受体：
核内受体
胞浆内受体
配体：
类固醇激素
甲状腺激素

85. 胞内受体途径的作用机制

87. section 4 crosstalking of signal transduction
第 四 节 信息传递的交叉联系

88. Member of one signal pathway can join to activate or inhibit another signal pathway.
Two different signal pathway can together effect on same effectic proteins or same regulatory region of gene to bring into play effection.
A kind of signal molecule can effect on several pathways of signal transduction.
一条信息途径成员可参与激活或抑制另一条信息途径
两种不同的信息途径可共同作用于同一种效应蛋白或同一基因调控区而协同发挥作用
一种信息分可作用于几条信息传递途径

89. Corsstalk and integer mechanism of mediaed

92. section 5 signal transduction and disease
第 五 节 信息传递与疾病

93. * Familial hypercholesterolemia：deficiency of LDL receptor
* insulin-independent diabetes mellitus：
decrease of insulin receptor or deficiency of function
* others:
For instance: cholera and pertussis are related to the abnormality of G protein.

94. summary Basic concepts Signaling substances：classification，concept
receptor： concept， types，
characteristics of interaction with ligand
Second messengers
Important signal transduction pathway
小 结
基本概念
信息物质：分类，概念
受体：概念，类型，与配体作用特点
第二信使
重要的信息传递途径