1. Documenting The Lost Indian Nations in Eastern North Carolina

2. Identifying the Indians of the Middle Neuse An examination of the Indians of Middle Neuse with corresponding maps and artifacts. Chris McCallister, MAEd/History candidate East Carolina University

3. The Indians of the Middle Neuse Chris C. McCallister The Middle Neuse Indians originally encompassed Dobbs County (1758-1791) later to be divided into present day Wayne, Greene, and Lenoir Counties. The research here will attempt to document identify those Indians that lived in this region. The research will focus on archaeological examinations of sites conducted over a twenty-five year period that documents the existence of the Middle Neuse Indians. The identification process will attempt to define the Indians as pre-or post European contact. The research will rely heavily on artifacts that have been collected by John Martin Crews and Gary Fields of Lenoir County, North Carolina Maps will also be an important part of the research. The maps will be utilized in two aspects. First, will be to identify known Indian nations from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries within the Middle Neuse region. Secondly, the maps will aide in the amalgamation of artifacts from the Crews and Fields collections to determine who those Indians were. Where possible, this attempt will be demographical in nature. John Martin Crews is an amateur archaeologist from Lenoir County. He has been studying the Lenoir County, Wayne County, and Greene County Indian settlements for twenty-five years. Mr. Crews 'collection is extensive and has not yet been subjected to any scholarly examination or scrutiny. Crews has agreed to allow the study for this research as a contribution to knowledge. The artifacts will vary in dates and will be catalogued by their location(s) respectively. Those items will be, but not limited to the following; pipes, arrowheads, meat scrapers, fish weight, spear heads, knives, grinding stones, acorn stones, cooking tools/items, axe, and marbles for children. The collective scatter of artifacts will be properly inventoried. 1 Introduction

4. Crews' approach to sites was cautious. His study was concentrated only on “above ground scatter”. He remains emphatic that he has never dug around or in any ground near a known settlement. He has discovered what he believes to be several settlements in both Lenoir and Greene Counties. Gary Fields is an amateur archaeologist and a professional surveyor of the Middle Neuse region. Relative to the this research, Mr. Fields has observed multiple land grants and local documents, for example, the John Wooten family of Lenoir, Wayne, and Greene counties which were relevant to this study. Mr. Fields assisted with the research by identifying the modern Middle Neuse area in concert with those maps utilized in here. As well, Mr. Fields is the President of the La Grange Historical Society and is a lecturer of Lenoir County History. Fields collection of Indian artifacts has been examined by the East Carolina Archaeological Department (Dr. Davis S. Phelps). Dr. Phelps indicated to Fields that his collection were Early and Late Archaic periods. Introduction Continued

5. Possible Chronology of the Middle Nuese Indian Contact 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazano first European to explore North Carolina 1584-1590 - Roanoke Island is explored by direction of Walter Raleigh expedition. An attempt to colonize is unsuccessful. 1650 – European explorers begin to explore North Carolina rivers inland. 1701-1711 – John Lawson explores inward towards the Middle Neuse region 1711-1713 - Tuscarora War 1713- to Present - Remaining Indians within the Middle Neuse 2

6. Critical Issues 1.) Can the Middle Neuse Indians be identified? There are very few studies done that have covered the Middle Neuse region of North Carolina. However, there have been surveys done and there are currently amateur archaeologists who have collected artifacts from Lenoir, Greene, and Wayne counties. Additionally, an examination of the colonial records may give insight to identification of those Indians who inhabited the Middle Neuse. 2.) If the Indians did exist in the Middle Neuse region, what was the period(s)? ? Archeological data should determine the periods that the Indians inhabited the Middle Neuse. 3.) What sources are available that may identify the Middle Neuse Indians? ? A reading and search of the colonial records, County records such as bonds, conveyances, deeds, and family papers could shed light on Indian inhabitation

7. The Indians of the Middle Neuse existed from the Early Archaic period extending to the Historical period possibly, 1810. North Carolina's State Archaeologists Susan Myers has determined that Lenoir County alone has over 300 confirmed Indian cites (Myers). Graffenried mentions the Tuscarora, Seneca‘, Coree, and “…those of the Pamtego…” (Von Graffenried, 281-282). Current Tuscarora descendents believe that the Tuscarora lived through out present day Lenoir, and Wayne counties. Greene county has been the site of many archeological digs and research of which David Phelps (Phelps, 1) has documented the Tuscarora fort Neoheroka. David Phelps’ work cited above does indicate that Indians in this region to continued to reside on previous sites. The thought here was good water supply, good fertile ground, and good hunting grounds. His works shows that this is why various periods are found on the same sites. This was the case with both the Crews and Fields collections. Teresa Morris has remained the voice of the Southern Band of Tuscarora for years and has collaborated with scholars to solidify the Southern North Carolina Tuscarora heritage and history. Morris believes that there were Tuscarora who fought in the Tuscarora War that did not migrate north to Bertie County, but rather, remained in the Middle Neuse area. She cites the 1790 Dobbs county census in which four (4) Tuscarora are mentioned, William Burnett, Edward Carter, Joe, and Walker. Who Were The Indians of The Middle Neuse?

8. During John Lawson’s survey of 1709, he documents the existence of the Tuscarora and the Wacon Indians (Lawson, [xxxviii]. The Tuscarora and the Wacon are given much attention by Lawson (Ibid., 233-239.,242). He gives a brief vocabulary of both tribes and listed their towns and warriors in 1709. The Tuscarora had fifteen towns and 1200 warriors and the Wacon had two towns and 120 warriors. Both nations are indicated in the Middle Neuse region by Lawson on his 1709 map. Regarding the Wacon (Woccon, Woocon), it is possible that after the Tuscarora War they naturally assimilated with the Tuscarora or the Catawba (Boas, 65). William Byrd also mentions a Tom King as a Woccon who paid five pounds in damages to Nicolas Dawe Sheweth (Byrd, 13). The Woccon were said to have had a settlement on the Lenoir County Green County line near La Grange and Snow Hill. This is a handed down family story from the Thomas Wooten family (Fields). The Wootens possibly did have dealings with the Woccon or at least some of the local Indians. This is on the speculation that in 1810 Powhatan Smith (Mewbern 60) a local Indian may have done business with John Wooten (1763-1835), Thomas’ father. The last piece of information here regarding the Wacon is from James Mooney, he wrote: …the Woccon between the main Neuse and one of its tributaries, perhaps about present Goldsboro in Wayne County or Snow Hill in Greene County. They Joined the Tuscarora against the whites in the war of 1711-1713. The Saponi is another nation that has ties to the Middle Neuse. References are made in the Colonial Records (1741-1757) that they dwelt in Seven Springs. Seven Springs borders both Wayne and Lenoir counties. The Colonial Record places the Saponi in the area after the Tuscarora War (http://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/research/saponi/saponi_lands.htm.).http://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/research/saponi/saponi_lands.htm

9. The Moll Map 1732 Bowen Map 1747 John Lawson Map 1709Neuse River Basin: the Focus of the Study Maps Utilized

10. Neuse River Basin Middle Neuse Region

11. The Moll Map 1732

12. 8 Indians near the Middle Nuese Region– Waterie (Wateree), Esaws, and Waxsaws (Waxhaw). Lenoir county area Indian Village

13. Bowen Map 1747 9 This map was designed by Emmanuel Bowen, a print and map seller by trade, he was also an engraver to both George II and Louis XV of France.

14. Middle Neuse Indians 1747: Tusfkeruro (Tuscarora) Lenoir County Wayne County area

15. John Lawson Map 1709

16. Lenoir County Tuscarora and the Waccon Indians1709

17. List of Indian Nations Identified in the Middle Neuse Region Early Archaic Later Archaic Early Woodland Late Woodland Tuscarora Wacon Seneca Coree Saponi

18. Middle Neuse Archaeological Collections

19. Early Archaic Early WoodlandLate Woodland Time Periods: North Carolina Samples Late Archaic

20. Grinding stone Grinding stone base Grinding Pits John Martin Crews Collection

21. Pipe stems Examples of the Late and Early Archaic Periods. John Martin Crews Collection The Crews collection reveals artifacts addressed in the Crawford archaeological survey in 1966 (Crawford 132-143). The Crawford survey concludes that the Early Archaic (8000-6000 BC), Later Archaic (3000- 1000 BC), Early Woodland (1000-300 BC), and Later Woodland (500-1000 AD) periods.

22. John Martin Crews Collection The above collection covers the Early and Late Archaic periods as well as Early and Late Woodland periods. Early/Late Archaic period Early/Late Woodland period The marbles at left are possibly from the Historical Period.

23. Gary Fields Collection Early Archaic Period Historical Period Late Woodland Early Woodland

24. Possible marbles used for children’s games. The marbles have been fired and are made of clay. It is believed that the marbles could be as little as 100 years old (Perdue Conference). John Martin Crews CollectionGary Fields Collection “The Face” The face could have been a piece of traded goods with local Indians. Mr. Fields discovered this item 4 miles from La Grange in Lenoir County. The face has been determined to be a pipe. The pipe is estimated to be English. Thus placing Indians in Lenoir County post contact (Perdue Conference). Examples From the Historical Period

25. Conclusion Based on the evidence of archaeological surveys, collective artifacts, and documents; it is certain that the Indians did inhabit the Middle Neuse region from the Early Archaic to the Historical Period. The study shows that there were specific Indian Nations who inhabited the region and they had preferred dwelling places. The colonial records show that Indians involved with the Tuscarora War either migrated to New York, were sold into slavery in South Carolina and/or remained in North Carolina. There are very few records to indicate Indians lived in this region beyond the 19 th century. However, with the John Wooten conveyance with Powhatan Smith and the testimony from Tuscarora scholar Teresa Morris there appears to be merit that in the Lenoir and Greene County areas Indians have remained. Future research is recommended in the following areas: More thorough scanning of the colonial records should be done with the assistance of the North Carolina Tuscarora. The Tuscarora can identify their surnames specifically and are willing to help with research. As well, a thorough scan of the Dobbs, Wayne, Lenoir, and Greene county records is also highly recommended. Those records under consideration should be conveyances, deeds, bonds etc. The focus of future research should be on those written documents that have survived since European contact. It is suggested that research into some of the founding families of the counties mentioned above be interviewed for documents and oral history. Specific attention once again on Tuscarora and other nations surnames would be beneficial.

26. Bibliography 15 Primary Sources Bowen Map1747 Internet on-line. Available from http://www.mostlymaps.com/reference/Map- Makers/emanuel-bowen.php [17 March 2010]. Byrd, William L. III, Villainy Often Goes Unpunished: Indian Records From The North Carolina General Assembly Sessions 1675-1789. Bowie, Maryland; Heritage Books, Inc., 2002, 13 Crews, John Martin, Interview by author, between 2 February - 17 April 2010. Crawford, Robert Guy Hodges, “An Archaeological Survey of Lenoir County, North Carolina” Master thesis, University of Florida, 1966. Fields, Gary, Interview by author, 10 April 2010,. Fields is a local historian and a North Carolina Surveyor. He is a direct descendent from the Thomas Wooten family. According to family genealogists Ima Mewborn, Thomas was born in 1795. Lawson, John, A New Voyage to Carolina, Ed. Hugh Talmage Lefler, Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina Press, 1967. introduction and page 242. Phelps, David S., and Heath, Charles L., Cashie Series Ceramics from the Interior Coastal Plain of North Carolina Circa AD 800-1725. A paper submitted at the 63 rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, January 1998, Seattle, Washington. Von Graffenreid, Christoph, Christoph Von Graffenreid’s Account of the Founding of New Bern. Ed. Todd, Vincent H., in cooperation with Goebel, Julius. Raleigh; Edwards & Broughton Printing Co.1920. Secondary Sources 1790 Census records Dobbs County. Internet on-line. Available from http://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/research/FPC-1790Census.htmlhttp://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/research/FPC-1790Census.html. [10 April 2010]. Boas, Franz, Chinook Texts, Washington D.C.; Washington Government Printing Office, 1894, 65. Crawford, Robert Guy Hodges, “An Archaeological Survey of Lenoir County, North Carolina” (master’s thesis, University of Florida, n.d.), 132-143. Dobbs County, North Carolina Entries and Warrants 1741- 1757. William L. "Bill" Murphy. © 1987. Internet on-line. Available from http://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/research/saponi/sapolahttp://www.coastalcarolinaindians.com/research/saponi/sapola lands.htmlands.htm. [10 April 2010]. Mewborn, Ima, Wooten and Related Families Association Special Study XI, 1981, 60. The information from Mrs. Mewborn was cited from the Lenoir 1810 Census Index burned DB 24 p.702. Mooney, James, The Siouan Tribes of the East, Washington D.C. Washington Printing Office, 1894, 65. Myers, Susan, Interview by author, 14 April 2010. Myers is currently a staff Archaeologists with the State of North Carolina. She serves as Site Registrar for many Eastern North Carolina Counties. Neuse River Basin, Internet on-line. Available from www.neuse.ncsu.eduwww.neuse.ncsu.edu [1 April 2010] Purdue, Theda, Mini Conference: Lost Indian Nations Lecture, 18 March 2010, 12:00-2:00pm. Sparrow Conference room, Bate building, East Carolina University. Scholars present discussed the “face” and determined it was at best a traded piece. The discussion also was based on other artifacts from the Fields collection.

27. About the Author Chris McCallister is a native of Huntington, West Virginia. Chris holds a BA from Clearwater Christian College and a MA from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Currently, he teaches North Carolina History in the North Carolina public school system, as well as Theology and History at two local Community Colleges. Chris is currently pursuing his second Masters (MA Education/History) at East Carolina University. Pictured with Chris is his wife Agatija, Colton 15, and Nasya 13. 16