2. ORIGINS OF MUSIC Lecture 5 Part III Physics of Music September 28, 2004

6. About 10,000 ya

7. 5000 year old

8. Ancient Chinese Bells, more than 1,000 years old, on display at Wuhan

9. The musical scale used today was first discovered by the Greek mathematician Pythagoras in the 6th century BC. While playing the lyre, he noticed that he could create the different harmonics by placing his finger at fractional points on the string. Where he placed his finger corresponded to the nodes of each harmonic. Pythagoras

10. Facts about Pythagoras He may never have existed! –None of his writings have survived –All we know about him is handed down by writings of other people –A cult seems to have been built around his philosophy which “may” even exist today. Someone may enjoy researching this assertion!

11. Pythagoras and his cult members believed that everything was related to mathematics and agreed that, ultimately, "all is number". He founded a philosophical and religious school in Croton, which made outstanding contributions to the field of mathematics. Pythagoras and his cult members believed that everything was related to mathematics and agreed that, ultimately, "all is number". Pythagoras is also famous for his study of acoustics and his theorem relating the lengths of the sides of a right triangle, which confirmed the existence of irrational numbers. Pythagoras

12. The Structure of Ancient Education

13. This famous drawing of Pythagoras engaged in testing the relationships of music and numbers dates from a 1492 book of Gaffurius: Theorica Musices, Milan, 1492. From the Anvil flowed an idea (?)

14. Pythagoras

15. The Monochord

16. Pythagoras Observed ….. The heavier the bell, the “lower” the tone. The water inside a glass was directly related to the tone. He probably NEVER made any of these observations. But he did look at STRINGS and he did some very interesting science”.But he did look at STRINGS and he did some very interesting science”.

17. Closer to us. A SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT

18. Modern Design

20. L0L0 L1L1 L2L2

21. FIRST OBSERVATION The shorter the plucked length of the string, the “higher” the tone. With TWO strings, some lengths sounded well together and some did not. Pythagoras studied this carefully and developed the “mathematics” of the musical scale.

22. CLARIFICATION The musical scale was NOT invented by Pythagoras or by anyone else that we know of. But he STUDIED IT. The scale was developed naturally based upon which tones sounded well together. The scale probably goes back to the Neanderthal times (bone flute).

23. Pythagoras Looked for “Consonance” What length of string will be consonant with the open string? What is consonance??

24. Consonance Two tones are consonant when they sound pleasing together. They are dissonant if they do not. BUT whether or not a harmony is pleasing is a matter of personal taste, as there are consonant and dissonant harmonies, both of which are pleasing to the ears of some and not others. Pythagoras did not subscribe to the last statement. Pythagoras tried to define the right string lengths for harmony.

25. MOST INPORTANT Most harmonious sound (according to Pythagoras was (L 1 /L 0) = (1/2) This is called the OCTAVE L0L0 L1L1

26. Properties of the Octave The two tones almost sound like the same tone! –Whatever that means. When men and women sing together in “unison”, they will sing an octave apart and think they are singing the same tone! The octave defines an INTERVAL between two closely related tones.

27. Octave Having defined the interval of the octave, we can proceed to put more tones between them to establish a scale of notes that may be easily played together. Some combinations will not be a consonant as others but they are still considered harmonious.

28. Notation – A practical necessity FIRST TONE OCTAVE Notes between 5 pentatonic 7 diatonic What about higher? What about lower? HIGH LOW

29. Something Better FDBGEFDBGE FDBGEFDBGE ECAFECAF ● ● higher