3. Testes do not descend –3% of full term infants, 30% premature –both sides results in sterility Chance of testicular cancer 30-50 times higher 80% spontaneously descend in first year Hormones or surgery needed otherwise

4. SpermatogoniaPrimary spermatocyte Spermatid Secondary spermatocyte Spermatozoon

5. Seminiferous tubule Rete tubules EpididymusEfferent ducts Vas deferensEjaculatory ducts Urethra

6. Portion of Vas (Ductus) deferens removed Sperm produced but degenerate Can be reversed (45-60% effective)

7. Seminal vesicles –fructose –alkaline Prostate –acidic –enzymes Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands –alkaline

8. Volume –Low indicates defect or inflammation Motility –At least 60% swimmers Count –Below 20 million/ml indicates infertility –20-40 million borderline Morphology –65-70% not deformed pH –Slightly alkaline Fructose present Liquefaction within 2 hours –Enzyme defect if not occurring

9. Part or all of prepuce is removed Usually performed by eighth day of life No consensus on medical benefits

11. Fluid-filled sac on or in ovary Relatively common (most under 2 inches) Usually noncancerous

12. OogoniumPrimary oocyte Ovum Secondary oocyte Maturation after fertilization

13. Fallopian tubes cut and cauterized Can be reversed

14. Caused by bacterium –Staphylococcus aureus High fever (up to 105), sore throat, tender mouth, headache, rash, abdominal pain, vaginal irritation Most common in females who use tampons

25. Yolk Sac Amnion Chorion Allantois