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Chapter 5 Review
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How does energy from the sun enter an ecosystem?
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When plants use light energy to make sugar molecules.
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What is photosynthesis?
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The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen.
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What types of organisms perform photosynthesis?
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Plants, algae, and some bacteria.
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What do organisms use during photosynthesis?
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Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
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What is a producer?
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An organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
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What is the other term for a producer?
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Autotroph
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What does “auto” mean?
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Self
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What does “troph” mean?
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Food or feed
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What is a consumer?
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An organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing its own nutrients or obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources.
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What is the other term for a consumer?
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Heterotroph
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What does “hetero” mean?
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Different
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What are the producers in a deep-ocean ecosystem?
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Bacteria
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What compound do deep-ocean producers use?
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Hydrogen sulfide
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What process do deep-ocean producers use to get energy?
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Chemosynthesis
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What are the types of consumers?
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Herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer, detritivore
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What is cellular respiration?
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The process of breaking down carbohydrates to yield energy.
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What is used during cellular respiration?
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Oxygen, glucose
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What is produced during cellular respiration?
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Carbon dioxide, water, energy
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Every time an organism eats another organism, what is transferred?
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Energy
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What is a food chain?
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A sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as each organism eats another organism.
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What is a food web?
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A diagram showing many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem.
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What is a trophic level?
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One of the steps in a food chain or food pyramid; examples include producers, primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers.
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All primary consumers are which type(s) of consumer?
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Herbivores; or omnivores
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Each time energy is transferred, energy is lost in the form of what?
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heat
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Each layer of an energy pyramid represents what?
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Trophic level
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Which level of a pyramid contains the most energy?
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Lowest level (Producer)
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Why does an energy pyramid become smaller at the top?
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There are fewer numbers of animals as it goes up because energy is lost at each level, supporting a limited amount of organisms.
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What limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?
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The amount of producers
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How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?
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10%
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What is the carbon cycle?
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The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment.
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Why is carbon important?
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It is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohyrates.
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How do producers participate in the carbon cycle?
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They take carbon from the air (carbon dioxide) and convert it into carbohydrates.
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How do consumers participate in the carbon cycle?
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They eat plants to obtain carbon from the plant and release carbon dioxide into the air.
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How do dead organisms play a role in the carbon cycle?
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Carbon is stored in the bodies of organisms, when they die the carbon is released into the environment.
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How are fossil fuels part of the carbon cycle?
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Fossil fuels contain carbon and when they are burned, they release the carbon into the air.
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What is the nitrogen cycle?
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The process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem.
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What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
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Bacteria that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
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Why do organisms need nitrogen?
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To build proteins.
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What role do decomposers have in the nitrogen cycle?
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Break down decaying plants and animals, as well as plant and animal wastes.
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What is the phosphorus cycle?
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The cyclic movement of phosphorus from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment.
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What is phosphorus?
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An element that is part of many molecules that make up the cells of living organisms.
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Where do plants get phosphorus?
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Absorb it from the soil through roots.
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Where do animals get phosphorus?
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By eating plants or eating other animals that have eaten plants.
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How does phosphorus enter the soil?
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When rocks erode.
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What is ecological succession?
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Gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community.
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What is primary succession?
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A type of succession that occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before.
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Why is primary succession slower than secondary succession?
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It begins where there is no soil.
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What is a pioneer species?
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A species that colonizes an uninhabited area that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established.
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Pioneer species that colonize rock are usually what to things?
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Lichens and bacteria
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What is secondary succession?
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Succession that occurs on a surface where an ecosystem previously existed.
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What is a climax community?
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The final, stable community in equilibrium with the environment.
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What is old-field succession?
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A type of secondary succession that occurs when farmland is abandoned.
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How are natural fires important?
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Minor forest fires remove accumulations of brush and deadwood that would otherwise contribute to major fires that burn out of control.
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Be able to describe the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
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Why is there no oxygen cycle?
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Oxygen takes part in other cycles and is not a cycle of its own.
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Be able to make a food chain and a food web.
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