1. Computing Science 1P Lecture 15: Friday 9 th February Simon Gay Department of Computing Science University of Glasgow 2006/07

2. Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay2 Using Files (Chapter 11) The unit of long-term data storage is the file. Most computer programs work with data stored in files, to some extent. Python provides functions for using files: the open function makes a file available for reading or writing file1 = open("data.txt","r") file2 = open("output.txt","w")

3. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay3 Using Files If we have a file that is open for reading, there are several ways of getting data from it. file1.read() returns the entire contents, as a string file1.read(10) returns the next 10 characters file1.readline() returns the next line, as a string file1.readlines() returns all of the remaining lines, as a list of strings When we have finished using the file: file1.close()

4. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay4 What is a file? A file is a sequence of bytes. We will mostly work with text files. A text file can be thought of as a sequence of characters. Some of these characters will be newlines, so that the file is separated into lines. Examples We're going to look at examples in which data is stored in a text file, with a specified format for each line. A convenient way of working is to read one line at a time, then work out how to process the line.

5. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay5 Case Study: Planning / Problem Solving This is a problem from last year's version of CS1P. It's about calculating students' grade point averages (it's a dirty job, but someone has to do it…) Data on students, their modules and grades is stored in a file: 0606559 VBN2 30 B FGH9 50 A SDF2 50 N DFG5 60 C 0500300 HHJ3 40 D FGH3 10 E JHG3 10 F 0605456 LKJ1 10 G CDS2 30 C 0601234 XDX2 40 A ABC1 40 B matric number module code credits grade

6. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay6 Grade Point Averages For each student, the following calculation must be done. Each grade is converted into grade points using the following table: ABCDEFG 16141210862 all other results (H, N, CR, …) have 0 grade points. For each module, the number of credits is multiplied by the grade points corresponding to the grade. These are added up to give the total grade points for the student. The grade point average (GPA) is the total grade points divided by the total number of credits.

7. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay7 Grade Point Average: Example The student whose details are 0605456 LKJ1 10 G CDS2 30 C has 10 * 2 + 30 * 12 = 380 grade points and a GPA of 380 / 40 = 9.5

8. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay8 The Problem Write a program to read in students' data from a file, calculate the GPA for each student, and then print the GPA of each student, separated into two categories: students with a GPA of at least 10.0, and students with a GPA of less than 10.0. Students with GPA >= 10.0 0606559 190 10.2 0601234 80 15.0 Students with GPA < 10.0 0500300 60 9.0 0605456 40 9.5 GPA total credits

9. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay9 Planning How do we begin to write the program? We need a plan. To develop a plan, we need to think about the important data structures for the problem, and the necessary algorithms (i.e. computational processes). In other words: what data do we need to store, and how do we need to process it? Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs Niklaus Wirth (1976)

10. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay10 Do we need to store anything at all? Do we need to store information about students and their GPAs, for example in a list or dictionary, or can we just do the processing and produce the output while we are reading the original data in? (Remember that in the lab exam bin-packing problem, there was no need to store information about which bin each object went into.)

11. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay11 Do we need to store information about students? Yes No Don't know

12. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay12 Storing information about students Because the output has to be separated into two groups (high GPAs and then low GPAs), we need to store the data. We have information about each student, so we'll use a dictionary in which the keys are matric numbers, represented by strings. What do we store for each student? The total credits and the GPA. Put them in a dictionary. { "0605456": { "credits":40, "gpa":9.5 },... }

13. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay13 Top-level Plan 1.Read data from the file into the dictionary 2.Print data from the dictionary in the required format Is this enough? If someone gave you this plan and told you to complete the program, would it be straightforward? Or would you still have to do some problem-solving and make design decisions?

14. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay14 Refining step 1 of the plan 1.For each line in the file: 1.1 Calculate the total credits and GPA 1.2 Store them in the dictionary, with the matric no. as key 1.Read data from the file into the dictionary 1.2 seems straightforward now, but 1.1 is still unclear.

15. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay15 Refining step 1.1 of the plan 1.1.1 Split the current line into a list of strings 1.1.2 For each module, add the credits to a running total, and add the grade points to a running total 1.1.3 Calculate the GPA 1.1 Calculate the total credits and GPA This is almost enough, but there is one detail: converting the grade into the corresponding grade points. The word FUNCTION should be leaping into your mind!

16. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay16 Converting grades to grade points ABCDEFG 16141210862 There are various ways to consider implementing this table: Quite a nice way is to use a dictionary: def gp(g): table = { 'A':16, 'B':14, 'C':12, 'D':10, 'E':8, 'F':6, 'G':2 } return table.get(g,0)

17. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay17 Refining step 2 of the top-level plan 2. Print data from the dictionary in the required format 2.1 For each student in the dictionary: If GPA >= 10.0: print details 2.2 For each student in the dictionary: If GPA < 10.0: print details

18. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay18 The complete plan 1.Read data from the file into the dictionary For each line in the file: 1.1 Calculate the total credits and GPA 1.1.1 Split the current line into a list of strings 1.1.2 For each module, add the credits to a running total; likewise the grade points 1.1.3 Calculate the GPA 1.2 Store them in the dictionary, with the matric no. as key 2.Print data from the dictionary in the required format 2.1 For each student in the dictionary: If GPA >= 10.0: print details 2.2 For each student in the dictionary: If GPA < 10.0: print details

19. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay19 Developing the program f = open("grades.txt","r") record = process(f) # Step 1 f.close() output(record) # Step 2 Now we need to define the functions process and output.

20. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay20 The function process def process(f): record = {} # For each line in the file f, do something return record

21. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay21 The function process def process(f): record = {} line = f.readline() while line != '': # Process the information in line line = f.readline() return record

22. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay22 The function process def process(f): record = {} line = f.readline() while line != '': line = line[:-1] # Remove the final newline character # Process the information in line line = f.readline() return record

23. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay23 The function process def process(f): record = {} line = f.readline() while line != '': line = line[:-1] data = split(line,' ') # Step 1.1.1 matric = data[0] credits = 0 # Initialise running totals points = 0 # Step 1.1.2: for each module... line = f.readline() return record 0606559 VBN2 30 B FGH9 50 A SDF2 50 N DFG5 60 C data = [ "0606559", "VBN2", "30", "B", "FGH9", "50", … ]

24. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay24 The function process def process(f): record = {} line = f.readline() while line != '': line = line[:-1] data = split(line,' ') matric = data[0] credits = 0 points = 0 modules = (len(data)-1)/3 # for each for i in range(modules): # module... credit = int(data[i*3+2]) # credits = credits + credit # add credit grade = data[i*3+3] # points = points + gp(grade)*credit # add points # Step 1.1.3: calculate GPA line = f.readline() return record

25. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay25 The function process def process(f): record = {} line = f.readline() while line != '': line = line[:-1] data = split(line,' ') matric = data[0] credits = 0 points = 0 modules = (len(data)-1)/3 for i in range(modules): credit = int(data[i*3+2]) credits = credits + credit grade = data[i*3+3] points = points + gp(grade)*credit gpa = float(points)/credits record[matric] = { "credits":credits, "gpa":gpa } line = f.readline() return record

26. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay26 The function output def output(r): print "Students with GPA >= 10.0" print for m in r: # m is each matric number in turn if r[m]["gpa"] >= 10.0: print m, r[m]["credits"], r[m]["gpa"] print print "Students with GPA < 10.0" print for m in r: # m is each matric number in turn if r[m]["gpa"] < 10.0: print m, r[m]["credits"], r[m]["gpa"]

27. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay27 The function output def output(r): print "Students with GPA >= 10.0" print for m in r: if r[m]["gpa"] >= 10.0: print m, "%3d" % r[m]["credits"], "%4.1f" % r[m]["gpa"] print print "Students with GPA < 10.0" print for m in r: if r[m]["gpa"] < 10.0: print m, "%3d" % r[m]["credits"], "%4.1f" % r[m]["gpa"] read Section 11.2

28. 2006/07Computing Science 1P Lecture 15 - Simon Gay28 One more idea The following outline program will be useful for Unit 12. def getChoice(): print "Choose from the following options:" print "a: operation 1" print "b: operation 2" print "q: quit" choice = raw_input("Enter your choice: ") return choice c = getChoice() while c != "q": if c == "a": print "You chose operation 1" elif c == "b": print "You chose operation 2" else: print "You did not choose a valid option" c = getChoice()