1. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 1 MOZAIC-Data, Particularly the Use of Water Vapor Data for UTLS-Studies and the Urgent Need for Integrated Data Sets of Ground Based, Airborne and Satellite Observations of Humidity Herman G.J. Smit Research Centre Jülich, Institute for Chemisty and Dynamics of the Geosphere: Troposphere (ICG-II), 52428 Juelich, Germany (Email: h.smit@fz-juelich.de)

2. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 2 Five Passenger A340-aircraft, operated by 4 European Airlines on scheduled flights Quasi continuous sampling between 0 and 12 km altitude 2,500 Flights per year; 175,000 hours of O 3 and H 2 O data since August 1994 CO and NO Y since 2001 MOZAIC: Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft Passenger Aircraft as Observation Platform for Atmospheric Research

3. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 3 MOZAIC: Aircraft Sampling Inlet

4. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 4 MOZAIC- Humidity Sampling Technics: Rosemount Probe and Humidity Device

5. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 5 MOZAIC Humidity Device: Performance and Quality Assurance  Regular calibration (every 500 flight hours)  In environmental simulation chamber  Against Lyman (  )- fluorescence hygrometer  Under realistic flight conditions of humidity, temperature and pressure  Evaluation of two year record of pre- and post-flight calibrations  Results agree well with in-flight inter- comparisons [Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res.1999] In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998

6. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 6 MOZAIC Relative Humidity in Upper Troposphere (UT) over North Atlantic MOZAIC provided the first climatology of humidity in the UT Large variability in time and space UT is much wetter than assumed before MOZAIC ECMWF does not reproduce the ice super saturation %  Control of Humidity in UT??  Long Term Changes ??

7. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 7 MOZAIC: Ice Super Saturation in Upper Troposphere 15-30% of the UT is ice super saturated (ISS) Small scale phenomena (  X < 200 km;  Z < 2 km) Strong correlation of ISS with sub-visible cirrus clouds Important for cirrus cloud formation and radiative balance Causes of ice super-saturation and the interaction with clouds ??

8. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 8 MOZAIC: Distribution Relative Humidity in UT over Atlantic Z = 9-12 km, PV < 2.0pvu, 10W-70W, Aug 1994 - June 2000

9. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 9 Concept of Evolution of UTH in Cb-Outflow ocean SST (convection) deep convection Advection & Subsidence CTT < 240K METEOSAT RH AC T AC O3 AC (Backward Trajectories by Meteo France) SST (aircraft) low O 3 (10-20 ppb)

10. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 10 MOZAIC: Evolution RHI-distribution in outflow of Cb-Convection (1) 10-20 flights/month 100%

11. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 11 Latitude Longitude Lindenberg RS80-Humicap-A: Comparison UTH with MOZAIC  Radiosounding station Lindenberg at 14.1 o E, 52.2 o N  Coindence MOZAIC and Radiosonde  In time: Less than 1 hour  In space: 2 degree latitude and longitude altitude range: Z AC +/-250m Flight Tracks

12. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 12 RH by Radiosonde (RS80-A, Corrected after MOL) [%] RH by MOZAIC [%] RS80-Humicap-A: Comparison UTH with MOZAIC RS80-A are corrected at low temperatures after method of normalized frequencies developed by Leiterer at MOL/DWD:: http://www.metoffice.com/research/interproj/radiosonde/reports/index.html

13. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 13 Outlook: Upper Tropospheric Humidity Scientific Objectives Seasonal variations of UTH in tropics, sub-tropics and mid-latitude & UTH control mechanims:  Influence of convection and subsidence on UTH  Impact of (sub-visible) cirrus clouds on UTH-control  Sensitivity of UTH to surface and UT-temperature  Origin and control of ice super saturation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------  Scale analysis of UTH-variations  Long term changes of UTH (MOZAIC, radio sondes)

14. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 14 Integration of UTH-data through validation and assimilation of:  Satellites (e.g. ENVISAT, SAGE-III, AIRS etc.)  Aircraft (MOZAIC + Research A/Cs)  Radiosondes  Groundbased (e.g.LIDAR, FTIR) Benefits through improvement of:  Weather analysis and forecasting (ECMWF)  Climate: UTH-Feedback & Meso scale and Gen.Circ. Models  UTH and its control mechanisms  Atmospheric Chemistry: Physico-Chemical Models Outlook: Integrated Network of UTH-Observations

15. Herman G.J. Smit, COST 723, Bern, 6-7 Oct, 2003 15 MOZAIC: Acknowledgements Air France Lufthansa (2 AC‘s) Sabena Austrian Airlines Acknowledgement to::  European Commission for Funding (50%)  Airlines for no charge of:  Carrying MOZAIC- instruments  Maintainance at airports