1. CS 346 – Chapter 4 Threads –How they differ from processes –Definition, purpose Threads of the same process share: code, data, open files –Types –Support by kernel and programming language –Issues such as signals –User thread implementation: C and Java Commitment –For next day, please read chapter 4

2. Thread intro Also called “lightweight process” One process may have multiple threads of execution Allows a process to do 2+ things concurrently –Games –Simulations Even better: if you have 2+ CPU’s, you can execute in parallel Multicore architecture  demand for multithreaded applications for speedup More efficient than using several concurrent processes

3. Threads A process contains: –Code, data, open files, registers, memory usage (stack + heap), program counter Threads of the same process share –Code, data, open files What is unique to each thread? Can you think of example of a computational algorithm where threads would be a great idea? –Splitting up the code –Splitting up the data Any disadvantages?

4. 2 types of threads User threads –Can be managed / controlled by user –Need existing programming language API support: POSIX threads in C Java threads Kernel threads –Management done by the kernel  Possible scenarios –OS doesn’t support threading –OS support threads, but only at kernel level – you have no direct control, except possibly by system call –User can create thread objects and manipulate them. These objects map to “real” kernel threads.

5. Multithreading models Many-to-one: User can create several thread objects, but in reality the kernel only gives you one. Multithreading is an illusion One-to-one: Each user thread maps to 1 real kernel thread. Great but costly to OS. There may be a hard limit to # of live threads. Many-to-many: A happy compromise. We have multithreading, but the number of true threads may be less than # of thread objects we created. –A variant of this model “two-level” allows user to designate a thread as being bound to one kernel thread.

6. Thread issues What should OS do if a thread calls fork( )? –Can duplicate just the calling thread –Can duplicate all threads in the process exec ( ) is designed to replace entire current process Cancellation –kill thread before it’s finished –“Asynchronous cancellation” = kill now. But it may be in the middle of an update, or it may have acquired resources. You may have noticed that Windows sometimes won’t let you delete a file because it thinks it’s still open. –“Deferred cancellation”. Thread periodically checks to see if it’s time to quit. Graceful exit.

7. Signals Reminiscent of exception in Java Occurs when OS needs to send message to a process –Some defined event generates a signal –OS delivers signal –Recipient must handle the signal. Kernel defines a default handler – e.g. kill the process. Or, user can write specific handler. Types of signals –Synchronous: something in this program caused the event –Asynchronous: event was external to my program

8. Signals (2) But what if process has multiple threads? Who gets the signal? For a given signal, choose among 4 possibilities: –Deliver signal to the 1 appropriate thread –Deliver signal to all threads –Have the signal indicate which threads to contact –Designate a thread to receive all signals Rules of thumb… –Synchronous event  just deliver to 1 thread –User hit ctrl-C  kill all threads

9. Thread pool Like a motor pool When process starts, can create a set of threads that sit around and wait for work Motivation –overhead in creating/destroying –We can set a bound for total number of threads, and avoid overloading system later How many threads? –User can specify –Kernel can base on available resources (memory and # CPU’s) –Can dynamically change if necessary

10. POSIX threads aka “Pthreads” C language Commonly seen in UNIX-style environments: –Mac OS, Linux, Solaris POSIX is a set of standards for OS system calls –Thread support is just one aspect POSIX provides an API for thread creation and synchronization API specifies behavior of thread functionality, but not the low-level implementation

11. Pthread functions pthread_attr_init –Initialize thread attributes, such as –Schedule priority –Stack size –State pthread_create –Start new thread inside the process. –We specify what function to call when thread starts, along with the necessary parameter –The thread is due to terminate when its function returns pthread_join –Allows us to wait for a child thread to finish

12. Example code #include int sum; main() { pthread_t tid; pthread_attr attr; pthread_attr_init(&attr); pthread_create(&tid, &attr, fun, argv[1]); pthread join(tid, NULL); printf(“%d\n”, sum); } int fun(char *param)... void *fun(void *param) { // compute a sum: // store in global // variable... }

13. Java threads Managed by the Java virtual machine Two ways to create threads 1.Create a class that extends the Thread class –Put code inside public void run( ) 2.Implement the Runnable interface –public void run( ) Parent thread (e.g. in main() …) –Create thread object – just binds name of thread –Call start( ) – creates actual running thread, goes to run( ) See book example

14. Skeletons class Worker extends Thread { public void run() { // do stuff } public class Driver { // in main method: Worker w = new Worker(); w.start();... Continue/join } class Worker2 implements Runnable { public void run() { // do stuff } Public class Driver2 { // in main method: Runnable w2=new Worker2(); Thread t = new Thread(w2); t.start(); //...Continue/join }

15. Java thread states This will probably sound familiar! New –From here, go to “runnable” at call to start( ) Runnable –Go to “blocked” if need I/O or going to sleep –Go to “dead” when we exit run( ) –Go to “waiting” if we call join( ) for child thread Blocked –Go to “runnable” when I/O is serviced Waiting Dead