1. Sound/Hearing Sensation & Perception

2. Characteristics of Sound Frequency – corresponds to the perceptual term pitch.

3. Wavelength – Hertz (Hz) – waves (cycles) per second – Pitch High Low Properties of Sound

4. Perceiving Pitch Place Theory – The pitch we hear is linked to a particular place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated Frequency Theory – The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the tone

5. Perceiving Pitch Problem: individual neurons can’t fire faster than 1000 times per second, but we can hear frequencies abobe that. Solution: The volley principle. – Neural cells alternate firing to achieve faster responses.

6. Characteristics of Sound Amplitude – corresponds to the perceptual term loudness (volume).

8. Characteristics of Sound Frequency – corresponds to the perceptual term pitch. Amplitude – corresponds to the perceptual term loudness (volume). Complexity – corresponds to the perceptual term timbre (quality).

9. Properties of Sound Complexity: A violin and a piano sound different, even though they may be playing the same note.

10. The Ear The ear is divided into the outer, middle and inner ear.

11. The Ear The sound waves travel down the auditory canal to the eardrum.

12. The Ear Eardrum = tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves.

16. The Ear Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate with the eardrum.

17. The Ear Cochlea = a coiled, body, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

18. The Ear Auditory nerve = nerve which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus.

19. Hearing Loss Conduction Hearing Loss – Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea Sensorineural Hearing Loss – Caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve Teen hearing loss has risen by one-third since the early 1990s. 1 in 5.

20. Hearing Loss Hearing Aids – Increase amplitude on specific frequencies – Cochlear Implants convert sounds into electrical signals and stimulate the auditory nerve.

21. Cochlear implant example #1 Anna’s Activation Type Cochlear implant into youtube’s search box for more.

22. Locating Sounds Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely than the other.

23. Assignment AP Psychology: Read Module 21 “The Other Senses” pages 202 – 212 before Wednesday. Psychology 1: Read modules 7.6 about taste and smell (pages 88-90) and 7.7 about other sensory systems (pages 91-92) before Wednesday.