1. Terminology 101

2. Terminology 101
Dorsal surface-the upper area or top of the foot

3. Terminology 101
Plantar surface-bottom of the foot; weight bearing

4. Terminology 101
Medial—The inside edge of the foot; has the great toe and tibia.

5. Terminology 101
Lateral—outer edge of the foot; smallest toe and fibula side.

6. Terminology 101
Proximal/Distal—used to clarify a location point or the point of attachment.
Proximal-closer to the trunk or body
Distal-furthest from point of reference
The knee is distal to the hip but proximal to the foot.
Proximal
Distal

7. Terminology 101 Anterior refers to the front of the body
Posterior refers to the rear or back of the body.
Posterior
The chest is on the anterior portion of the body and the back is on the posterior portion of the body.
Anterior
Posterior
Anterior

8. Terminology 101
Superior
Superior refers to the positioning above or towards the head.
Inferior refers to the positioning below.
Usually used as a reference point for the location of a wound: The ulcer is inferior to the navicular.
Inferior

9. Terminology 101 Anatomical positions 3 basic planes of motion
Referred to as the Cardinal planes
Divides the body, as well as the foot, with 3 imaginary lines
Three Cardinal Planes of motion: Sagittal—splits vertically into left and right sections
Frontal (coronal)—splits vertically into front and back sections
Transverse—splits into top and bottom sections.

10. Sagittal Plane Splits the body into left half and right half.
The motion that occurs can only be up and down and at the ankle.
Dorsiflexion (upward) and plantar flexion (downward).
Approximate “normal” dorsiflexion is 20°/plantarflexion 45°
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

11. Frontal or Coronal Plane
Divides the body or parts of the body into anterior and posterior.
When referring to the foot and using the plantar surface as a reference point, the motion that occurs is inversion and eversion.
Inversion is turning the plantar surface of the foot toward the body. Range of Motion is normally 20 degrees and only 4-6 degrees is needed for normal gait.
Eversion is turning of the plantar surface away from the body. Range of Motion is normally 10 degrees and only 4-6 degrees is needed for normal gait.

12. Transverse Plane Divides the body into upper and lower.
Rotation of the foot away from the midline (abduction) or towards the midline (adduction).
Neutral
Ad-duction
Ab-duction

13. Varus
Varus is the term for a deformity of bone or bones of the leg or foot. Varus of the foot is where part of the foot or the whole foot is inverted.
Varus is a structural deformity while inversion is an anatomical position.
Hallux Varus

14. Hallux abducto-valgus
Valgus is the term for a deformity of a bone or bones of the leg or foot. Valgus of the foot is where part of the foot or the whole foot is everted.
Valgus is a structural deformity while eversion is an anatomical position.
Heel Valgus/Eversion
Hallux abducto-valgus

15. Pronation/Supination
Pronation is a tri-planar motion consisting of:
Dorsiflexion in the Sagittal Plane
Eversion in the Frontal Plane
Abduction in the Transverse Plane
Supination is a tri-planar motion consisting of:
Plantar Flexion in the Sagittal Plane
Inversion in the Frontal Plane
Adduction in the Transverse Plane

16. Other Helpful Terms
Unilateral—Affecting either the right side of the body or the left.
Bilateral—Affecting both the right and left sides of the body.
Ambulation—to walk or move about.
Gait—walk

17. Arches 3 arches of a foot:
1). Medial Longitudinal ) Lateral Longitudinal 3.) Transverse
Medial Longitudinal
Lateral Longitudinal
Transverse Arch

18. Medial Longitudinal Arch
Three types of arches:
1. Pes Rectus—a foot with a normal arch

19. Medial Longitudinal Arch
2. Pes Planus—flatfoot; a condition in which the arch has not developed normally and is flat.

20. Medial Longitudinal Arch
3. Pes Cavus—a foot with a high arch which does not flatten with weightbearing; weight is generally distributed to the lateral side of the foot.

21. Ball/Instep/Waist
Instep-portion of the foot, or shoe upper, over the midfoot
Instep
Waist-measurement located between the ball and instep
Waist
Ball
Ball-width of the foot (or sole) near the metatarsal heads