1. KAPITOLA 3 Enzymová katalýza I katylytická aktivita enzymů katylytická aktivita enzymů interakce enzym - substrát interakce enzym - substrát koenzymy koenzymy vazebné místo pro substrát vazebné místo pro substrát fyzikálně chemické vlastnosti fyzikálně chemické vlastnosti nomenklatura enzymů nomenklatura enzymů

2. Reaction coordinate Free energy, G The role of binding energy in catalysis. To lower the activation energy for a reaction, the system must acquire an amount of energy equivalent to the amount by which DG # is lowered. This energy comes largery from binding energy (  G B ) contribued by formation of weak noncovalent interactions between substrate and enzyme in the transition state. The role of  G B is analogous to that of  G M.

3. An imaginary enzyme (stickase) designed to catalyze the breaking of a metal stick. (a)To break, the stick must first be bent (the transition state). In the stickase, magnetic interactions take the place of weak-bonding interactions between enzyme and substrate. (b) An enzyme with a magnet-lined pocket complementary in structure to the stick (the substrate) will stabilize this substrate. Bending will be impeded by the magnetic attraction between stick and stickase.

4. (c)An enzyme complementary to the reaction transition state will help to destabilize the stick, resulting in catalysis of the reaction. The magnetic interactions provide energy that compensates for the increase in free energy required to bend the stick. Reaction coordinate diagrams show the energetic consequences of complementarity to substrate versus complementarity to transition state. The term  GM represents the energy contribued by the magnetic interactions between the stick and stickase. When the enzyme is complementary to the substrate, as in (b), the ES complex is more stable and has less free energy in the ground state than substrate alone. The result is an increase in the activation energy. For simplicity, the EP complexes are not shown.

5. Many organic reactions are promoted by proton donors (general acids) or proton acceptors (general bases). The active sites of some enzymes contain amino acid functional groups, such as those shown here, that can participe in the catalytic process as proton donors or proton acceptors.

7. Enzymes What?Proteins which catalyse biological reactions Properties?Highly specific Unchanged after reaction Can accelerate reactions >10 6 fold Turnover Cannot alter reaction equilibria Conversion of substrate to product: S P 2 factors determine the appearance of product: i.Thermodynamic ii.Kinetic

8. Enzyme Classification

9. Rawn Biochemistry, International edition Reaction profile for a simple reaction

10. Rawn Biochemistry, International edition Uncatalysed Enzyme catalysed Reaction profile for an enzyme-catalysed reaction

11. Enzyme kinetics

12. Impact of changing enzyme concentration

13. Impact of changing substrate concentration

14. Derivation of the Michaelis-Menten equation Rate of reaction: Equation (1) During the steady-state, [ES] is constant i.e. the rate of formation = rate of breakdown Therefore:

15. Equation (2) If we introduce a constant K M defined as This equation becomes The total concentration of enzyme introduced at the start of the reaction is still present, it is either bound to substrate or it is not, i.e. [E 0 ] = [E] + [ES] Or rearranged: [E] = [E 0 ] - [ES] Substituting this into Equation (2) gives us:

16. Opening the bracket on the right-hand side gives: Therefore: Collect [ES]: Therefore:

17. Substituting this back into equation (1): Gives us: The maximum rate for the enzyme (Vmax) will be achieved when all of the Enzyme is saturated with substrate, i.e. [ES] = [E 0 ] Putting this again into equation (1) we get: V max = k 2 [E 0 ] Notice that the term k 2 [E 0 ] features in equation (3), which can now be written Equation (3) Michaelis-Menten equation

18. What does the K M actually tell us? Consider the case when the reaction rate (v) is half of the maximum rate (V max ). Under these conditions the MM equation becomes: This leaves us with: 2[S] = K M + [S] Which simplifies to: [S] = K M K M is the substrate concentration at which the reaction proceeds at half of the maximum rate (V max )

20. Taking the reciprocal of both sides can give This is in the general form y = m x + c i.e. a plot of 1/v against 1/[S] will give straight line This is a Lineweaver-Burk plot

22. KAPITOLA 4 Enzymová katalýza II kinetika reakcí katalyzovaných enzymy kinetika reakcí katalyzovaných enzymy analýza reakční rychlosti analýza reakční rychlosti inhibice a regulace katalytické aktivity inhibice a regulace katalytické aktivity metody studia metody studia

23. Dependence of initial velocity on substrate concentration, showing the kinetic parameters that define the limits of the curve at hight and low [S]. At low [S], K m >>[S], and the [S] term in the denominator of the Michaelis-Menten equation becomes insignificant; the equation simplifies to V 0 = V max [S]/K m, and V 0 exhibits a linear dependence on [S], as observed. At high [S], where [S]>>K m, the K m term in the denominator of the Michaelis-Menten equation becomes insignificant, and the equation simplifies to V 0 =V max ; this is consistent with the plateau observed at high [S]. The Michaelis-Menten equation is therefore consistent with the observed dependence of V 0 on [S], with the shape of the curve defined by the terms V max /K m at low [S] and V max at high [S]. The Michaelis-Menten equation

24. A double-reciprocal, or Lineweaver-Burk, plot. The Lineweaver-Burk equation

25. Common mechanisms for enzyme-catalyzed bisubstrate reactions. (a)the enzyme and both substrates come together to form a ternary complex. In ordered binding, substrate 1 must be bound before substrate 2 can bind productively. (b)an enzyme-substrate complex forms, a product leaves the complex, the altered enzyme forms a second complex with another substrate molecule, and the second product leaves, regenerating the enzyme. Substrate 1 may transfer a functional group to the enzyme (forming E´), which is subsequently transferred to substrate 2. This is a ping-pong or double-displacement mechanism.

26. AB A shows a set of double-reciprocal plots obtained in the absence of the inhibitor and with two different concentrations of a competitive inhibitor. Increasing inhibitor concentration [I] results in the production of a family of lines with a common intercept on the 1/V 0 axis but with different slopes. Because the intercept on the 1/V 0 axis is equal to 1/V max, we can see that V max is unchanged by a presence of a competitive inhibitor. That is, regardless of the concentration of a competitive inhibitor, there is always some high substrate concentration that will displace the inhibitor from the enzyme´s active site. In noncompetitive inhibition, similar plots of the rate data give the family of lines shown in B, having a common intercept on the 1/[S] axis. This indicates that K m for the substrate is not altered by a noncompetitive inhibitor, but V max decreases.

27. Three types of reversible inhibition. Competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme´s active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors generally bind at a separate site. Uncompetitive inhibitors also bind at a separate site, but they bind only to the ES complex. K I is the equilibrum constant for inhibitor binding.

28. Some well-studied examples of enzyme modification reactions.

29. Allosteric Enzymes Obrázek Lehninger3 obr grafy z PDF Lehninger str 228

31. Glutamine synthetase