1. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 Hodder Education Revision Lessons Changes in the Earth and its atmosphere Click to continue

2. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 Overview 1 The Earth and its atmosphere provide everything we need. The Earth has a layered structure consisting of the crust, the mantle and a core. The surface of the Earth and its atmosphere have changed since the Earth was formed and are still changing. Click to continue

3. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 Overview 2 The atmosphere has been much the same for the last 200 million years. It provides the conditions needed for life on Earth. Recently, human activities have resulted in further changes in the atmosphere. Click to continue How do you think life was formed? There is more than one theory.

4. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s crust 1 The Earth consists of a core, the mantle and the crust. It is surrounded by the atmosphere. The Earth’s crust and the upper part of the mantle are cracked into a number of large pieces (tectonic plates). How do we know this? Click to continue

5. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s crust 2 Convection currents in the Earth’s mantle are driven by heat released by natural radioactive processes. These currents cause the plates to move at relative speeds of a few centimetres per year. The movements can be sudden and disastrous. Earthquakes and/or volcanic eruptions occur at the boundaries between tectonic plates. Click to continue

6. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s crust 3 What evidence is there for tectonic plates? Click to continue

7. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 Formation of the Earth Why is the core composed of iron and nickel? Click to continue

8. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s atmosphere 1 For 200 million years, the proportions of different gases in the atmosphere have been much the same as they are today: Click to continue about four-fifths (80%) nitrogen about one-fifth (20%) oxygen small proportions of various other gases, including carbon dioxide, water vapour and noble gases. What produced the oxygen gas?

9. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s atmosphere 2 There are several theories about how the atmosphere was formed. One theory suggests that during this period the Earth’s atmosphere was mainly carbon dioxide and there would have been little or no oxygen gas (like the atmospheres of Mars and Venus today). There may also have been water vapour and small proportions of methane and ammonia. Click to continue

10. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s atmosphere 3 During the first billion years of the Earth’s existence there was intense volcanic activity. This activity released the gases that formed the early atmosphere and water vapour that condensed to form the oceans. Look at the diagram sequence on the next three slides. What happened to the methane and ammonia? Click to continue

11. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s atmosphere 4 Click to continue

12. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s atmosphere 5 Click to continue

13. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The Earth’s atmosphere 6 Click to continue

14. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 Life on Earth There are many theories as to how life was formed billions of years ago. Plants produced the oxygen that is now in the atmosphere. Methane and ammonia burnt in this oxygen producing more water, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Most of the carbon from the carbon dioxide in the air gradually became locked up in sedimentary rocks as carbonates and fossil fuels. Click to continue

15. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 Carbon dioxide and the oceans The oceans also act as a reservoir for carbon dioxide but increased amounts of carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans has an impact on the marine environment due to an increase in acidity. Click to continue Why does carbon dioxide make the ocean more acid and why does this affect marine life?

16. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 Burning fossil fuels Nowadays, the release of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Explain the patterns shown in the table. Click to continue Year Concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere (% by volume) Average global temperature (C) Global population in millions 17500.027813.3350 18000.028213.4500 18500.028813.41000 19000.029713.61500 19500.031013.83000 20000.036814.45500

17. AQA GCSE Science & Additional Science Chemistry 1 Topic 7 The gases in air Air is a mixture of gases with different boiling points. It can be fractionally distilled to provide a source of raw materials used in a variety of industrial processes. Gas Boiling point (C) Nitrogen–196 Oxygen–183 Argon–186 Carbon dioxideSublimes at –78 Helium–269 What are these gases used for? Click to continue