1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 7 The Nervous System- Page 200-215 (neurons, neuroglia, and impulses)

2. The Nervous System The master controlling and communicating system of the body Uses electrical impulses to signal and communicate Impulses are rapid and specific The master controlling and communicating system of the body Uses electrical impulses to signal and communicate Impulses are rapid and specific http://www.scienceclarified.com/Mu-Oi/Nervous-System.html

3. Structures of nervous system Slide 7.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS) organs- Brain Spinal cord Central Nervous System (CNS) organs- Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) organs- Peripheral nerves Sense organs Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) organs- Peripheral nerves Sense organs

4. Functions of the Nervous System Sensory/Afferent: (PNS) Uses sensory receptors to monitor internal & external changes/stimuli (input) Integration: (CNS) Processes and interprets and makes decisions about what should be done (interprets) Motor/Efferent: (PNS) Is the response; an activated viscera, muscle or gland (motor output or response) Involuntary (autonomic) and Voluntary (somatic) Sensory/Afferent: (PNS) Uses sensory receptors to monitor internal & external changes/stimuli (input) Integration: (CNS) Processes and interprets and makes decisions about what should be done (interprets) Motor/Efferent: (PNS) Is the response; an activated viscera, muscle or gland (motor output or response) Involuntary (autonomic) and Voluntary (somatic)

5. Functions of nervous system Slide 7.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.1 PNS CNS Affarent/ /Motor Receptor

6. Functions of the Nervous System Slide 7.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2 Integration Sensory input Motor output

7. Anatomy of Nervous Tissue: Slide 7.7b called Neuroglia (page 205) support, insulate, protect neurons, dispose of debris, circulate fluids called Neuroglia (page 205) support, insulate, protect neurons, dispose of debris, circulate fluids Support Cells in CNS astrocyte oligodendrocyte microglial cell Ependymal cell Figure 7.3: Types of Neuroglia

8. Anatomy of Nervous Tissue: Slide 7.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  called Schwann Cells and Satellite Cells  Schwann cells form myelin sheath around nerve fiber of the PNS (insulate)  Satellite Cells protect and cushion  called Schwann Cells and Satellite Cells  Schwann cells form myelin sheath around nerve fiber of the PNS (insulate)  Satellite Cells protect and cushion Figure 7.3e Support Cells in PNS

9. Anatomy of Nervous Tissue: Structure of Neurons Slide 7.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neurons/Nerve Cells  Highly specialized to transmit messages (impulses)  Neurons/Nerve Cells  Highly specialized to transmit messages (impulses)

10. Anatomy of Nervous Tissue: Structures of Neurons Slide 7.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell body: metabolic center, nissl substance, nucleus Dendrite: slender processes, convey incoming messages to cell body, vary in length Cell body: metabolic center, nissl substance, nucleus Dendrite: slender processes, convey incoming messages to cell body, vary in length

11. Neuron Anatomy Slide 7.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nissl bodies- rough ER Figure 7.4a

12. Neuron Anatomy Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Axon: conduct impulse away from cell body  Myelin Sheath: insulation  Axon Terminals: branching ends of an axon  Axon: conduct impulse away from cell body  Myelin Sheath: insulation  Axon Terminals: branching ends of an axon Figure 7.4a Axon Terminal

13. Neuron Anatomy Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Synaptic end bulbs: swollen end of axon, contain synaptic vesicles Figure 7.4a Synaptic end bulbs Axon terminal

14. Neuron Anatomy Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings synaptic vesicles: structure containing neuro- transmitters  Neurotransmitter: chemical messenger released when impulse reaches the synaptic vesicle, carries impulse across synaptic gap synaptic vesicles: structure containing neuro- transmitters  Neurotransmitter: chemical messenger released when impulse reaches the synaptic vesicle, carries impulse across synaptic gap synaptic neurotransmitters

15. Synaptic End Bulb

16. Neuron Anatomy Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers released from synaptic vesicles  Carry impulse to next neuron or to the effector  Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers released from synaptic vesicles  Carry impulse to next neuron or to the effector Figure 7.4a

17. Neuron Structural Classification Slide 7.16a Figure 7.8a - All motor & association neuron, multiple processes - Only in special sense organs, 2 processes - In PNS ganglia, Short and divides immediately, single process

18. Neuron Functional Classification Slide 7.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6

19. Physiology of Neurons Slide 7.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irritability: ability to respond to stimuli  Conductivity: ability to transmit an electrical impulse  Irritability: ability to respond to stimuli  Conductivity: ability to transmit an electrical impulse

20. Neuron Physiology: Transmission of a Nerve Impulse Slide 7.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings a. Polarization = Resting potential - lots of Na+ with some negative ions outside, and fewer K+ and lots of negative ions on the inside - overall negative charge is greater on the inside of the neuron - neuron is inactive a. Polarization = Resting potential - lots of Na+ with some negative ions outside, and fewer K+ and lots of negative ions on the inside - overall negative charge is greater on the inside of the neuron - neuron is inactive Figure 7.9a–c (b)

21. Neuron Physiology: Transmission of a Nerve Impulse Slide 7.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings b. Depolarization = Action Potential – Na+ moves inward - The inside becomes less negative and more positive - causes transmission of an impulse b. Depolarization = Action Potential – Na+ moves inward - The inside becomes less negative and more positive - causes transmission of an impulse Figure 7.9a–c (b)

22. Transmission of a nerve impulse Slide 7.19 C. Repolarization- restored resting state - K+ moves out, Na+ still inside - this outflow of positive ions restores the electrical conditions of the membrane - but the neuron needs to be reset to its polarized state C. Repolarization- restored resting state - K+ moves out, Na+ still inside - this outflow of positive ions restores the electrical conditions of the membrane - but the neuron needs to be reset to its polarized state (c) (b)

23. Transmission of a nerve impulse Slide 7.19 D. Na+/K+ pump- restores polarized state - another impulse cannot be transmitted until Na+ and K+ are moved back to their original positions - this is by active transport, requires ATP D. Na+/K+ pump- restores polarized state - another impulse cannot be transmitted until Na+ and K+ are moved back to their original positions - this is by active transport, requires ATP

24. All or none response Slide 7.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Either all of neuron sends impulse, or none of it does Figure 7.9c–e

25. Transmission of Nerve Impulse http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409665/nervous- system/75842/Transmission-at-the-synapsehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409665/nervous- system/75842/Transmission-at-the-synapse(click on top video on left side of screen) http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter14/animation__the_nerve_imp ulse.html http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 6890770586678681705&ei=KIX1Ss_OFZLSqQL1zJGpAw&hl=en http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/synaptic.swf

26. SynapseSynapse Slide 7.22 dendrites axon terminals synaptic end bulbs cell body Presynaptic neuron Synaptic cleft (gap) Postsynaptic neuron

27. Synapse (up close) Slide 7.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gap or axon Synaptic end bulbs Presynaptic neurotransmitter receptor sites Postsynaptic neuron

28. Synapse (up close) Slide 7.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10

29. Synapses & Synaptic transmission Slide 7.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stimulus causes electrical impulse AKA action potential (via Na+ and K+) in neuron  Impulse travels in presynaptic neuron  Dendrites  Cell body  Axon, axon terminal, & synaptic end bulbs  Synaptic vesicles  Neurotransmitters- chemical impulse released  Synaptic gap

30. Synapses & Synaptic transmission Slide 7.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In postsynaptic neuron  Neurotransmitter receptor sites on dendrites receive new stimulus  Stimulus causes electrical impulse again AKA action potential (via Na+ and K+)  Impulse travels again from  Dendrites  Cell body  Axon, axon terminals, synaptic end bulbs, Etc.

31. The Reflex Arc Slide 7.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11a or interneuron Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli Simplest reflex arc has 5 components Reflex arc

32. Reflex Arc Slide 7.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6

33. Simple Reflex Arc Slide 7.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11b, c Withdrawal reflexKnee jerk reflex

34. Factors that Affects Synaptic Transmission Slide 7.22 Emotional state- excited, sad, etc Physical state- exercise, sleep, etc Environmental factors- drugs, alcohol, etc Number of synapses

35. Effects of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission Slide 7.22 Stimulants Depressants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Methamphetamine Amphetamine Caffeine Nicotine Energy drinks Marijuana Alcohol Opium Barbiturates Antipsychotics Anticonvulsants Opiates Nitrous oxide

36. Effects of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission Slide 7.22 http://www.nida.nih.gov http://www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/DrugsofAbuse.html http://teens.drugabuse.gov/mom/tg_effects.asp#