1. CHAPTER 11: PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS By Kelly Sun and Libby Takimoto

2. 11.1 Solution Composition

3. Ways to Describe Solution Composition

4. 11.2 Energies of Solution Formation

5. Like Dissolves Like Making a liquid solution Enthalpy Changes  1. Expand solute  2. Expand solvent  3. Solute and Solvent interact ______________________________________________________________________________________  Heat of Solution  △ H Soln = △ H 1 + △ H 2 + △ H 3  Heat of Hydration  △ H Hyd = △ H 2 + △ H 3

6. 1. Expand solute 2. Expand Solvent 3. Solvent and Solute interact Making a solution

7. Factors Effecting Solubility 11.3

8. Structure, Pressure, and Temperature Effects

9. The Vapor Pressures of Solution 11.4

10. Different Types of Solutions  Nonvolatile in volatile  Lowers the vapor pressure of a solute  Volatile in volatile  Both contribute to total vapor pressure  Increases vapor pressure  Raoult’s Law  P Soln = X Solv P º Solv P Tot = X A P º A + X B P º B P is Pressure X is mole fraction

11. Different Types of Solutions cont.  Ideal solution  Nonelectrolytes vs. Electrolytes  Modified Raoult’s Law  P Tot = X A P º A + X B P º B  Used for…  Find molar mass and/or moles of solution  Characterize solutions  Negative deviations vs. Positive deviations

12. Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression 11.5

13. Colligative Properties Boiling-Point ElevationFreezing-Point Depression

14. Osmotic Pressure 11.6

15. Colligative Properties

16. Dialysis and Isotonic Solutions  Dialysis  Occurs at the walls of most plant and animal cells  Impure blood passes through a semi-permeable tube immersed in a “washing solution” and is cleansed  Isotonic solutions  Solutions that have identical osmotic pressures  Crenation  When cells are placed in hypertonic solutions, they shrivel  Hemolysis  When cells are placed in hypotonic solutions, they swell

17. Reverse Osmosis  Reverse osmosis  If a solution in contact with pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane is subjected to an external pressure larger than its osmotic pressure  Solvent flows from the solution to the solvent  Desalination  Process of removing salt from salt water

18. Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 11.7

19. Van’t Hoff Factor

20. Colloids 11.8

21. Colloids  Tyndall effect  Scattering of light by particles  Colloid  Suspension of tiny particles  1-1000 nm  Classified by states and dispersing medium  Electrostatic repulsion  Usually neutral, but in electric field, particles migrate to same electrode and have same charge  Same charges repel each other & do not aggregate

22. Colloids cont.  Coagulation  Destruction of colloid Heating- increases velocities, ion barriers penetrated to aggregate Adding electrolyte- neutralizes ion layers

23. Chapter 11 Equations

24. PRACTICE PROBLEMS

25. Practice Problem #1

26. Practice Problem #2

27. Practice Problem #3

28. Practice Problem #4

29. Practice Problem #5