1. 9-4 How Can We Protect Wild Species from Premature Extinction?
Concept 9-4 We can reduce the rising rate of species extinction and help to protect overall biodiversity by establishing and enforcing national environmental laws and international treaties, creating a variety of protected wildlife sanctuaries, and taking precautionary measures to prevent such harm.

2. International Treaties and National Laws Help to Protect Species
1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species _______________
Signed by _______ countries
Bans the hunting, capturing, and selling of threatened or endangered species
Specifically lists…
some _________ endangered species
5,000 animal and 28,000 plant species that are at risk of becoming _________________
Limitations? Enforcement _____________ from country to country
CITES
175
900
endangered
varies

3. International Treaties and National Laws Help to Protect Species
Convention on Biological Diversity _______
Focuses on _________________
Includes efforts to prevent or control the spread of ________________ species
Ratified by 191 countries (not the U.S.)…we are a contributing member but ratification requires a _________ to be passed.
(CBD)
ecosystems
invasive
bill

4. Endangered Species Act
1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act ______
amended in 1982, 1985, and 1988
Identifies and protects endangered species in the U.S. and abroad
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) identifies __________ species
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) identifies all ___________
(ESA)
ocean
others

5. Endangered Species Act (2)
Forbids federal agencies (except _____________) from funding or authorizing projects that jeopardize endangered or threatened species
2010: ___________ species officially listed…for these species, _____________ plans are developed
Some success plans involve the American alligator, gray wolf, peregrine falcon, bald eagle, and brown pelican
Provides economic _______________ for private land owners to help save endangered species living on their lands
defense
1,370
recovery
incentives

6. Science Focus: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act (1)
ESA has many critics…has only removed 46 species from the endangered list
Four reasons ESA not a failure
Species are listed only when in ___________ danger
- would be similar to telling a hospital that they are not saving enough lives
Takes ____________ to help endangered species
Conditions for more than half of listed species are ______________ or _________________
2010 budget: spends only ____________ per American
critical
decades
stable
improving
9 cents

7. Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species
Figure 9.20: These confiscated products were made from endangered species. Because of a scarcity of funds and inspectors, probably no more than one-tenth of the illegal wildlife trade in the United States is discovered. The situation is even worse in most other countries.
Due to a lack of funds, probably only _______ of the illegal
wildlife trade in the U.S. is discovered
1/10
Fig. 9-20, p. 210

8. Science Focus: Accomplishments of the Endangered Species Act (2)
Three ways to improve ESA
Greatly increase _____________________
Develop recovery plans more ____________
When a species is first listed, establish the _________ of its habitat that’s critical for survival
Most biologist agree that the U.S. needs a new law to focus on sustaining biodiversity and ___________ ________________
funding
quickly
core
ecosystem
health

9. We Can Establish Wildlife Refuges and Other Protected Areas
First wildlife refuge was established in ______ by President Theodore Roosevelt at Pelican Island in ______________ to help protect the brown pelican
Wildlife refuges
Most are _______________ sanctuaries
____________ are needed for endangered plants
Most do not receive enough funding to support their ____________
Could abandoned military lands be used for wildlife habitats?
1903
Florida
wetland
More
staff

10. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
Figure 9.21: The Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge in Florida was America’s first National Wildlife Refuge. It was established in 1903 to help protect the brown pelican (see photo insert) and other birds from extinction. In 2009, the brown pelican was removed from the U.S. endangered species list.
Fig. 9-21a, p. 211

11. Gene Banks, Botanical Gardens, and Wildlife Farms Can Help Protect Species
Gene or seed banks
Preserve ____________ material of endangered plants
Drawbacks? Expensive to operate; can be destroyed by fires or other mishaps
Botanical gardens and arboreta
Contain _____________ plants
Drawbacks…too little space to try and contain all of our endangered plant species
__________ to raise organisms for commercial sale instead of taking them from the wild
genetic
living
Farms

12. Zoos and Aquariums Can Protect Some Species (1)
Techniques for preserving endangered terrestrial species
Egg pulling…collecting ________ eggs
Captive breeding…________ (not economically _______________)
Artificial insemination
Embryo transfer
Use of incubators
Cross-fostering….when the young of one rare species is raised by a _______________ species
wild
zoos
feasible
similar

13. What Can You Do? Protecting Species
Figure 9.22: Individuals matter.
You can help prevent the extinction of species. Questions: Which two of these actions do you believe are the most important? Why?
Fig. 9-22, p. 213

14. Case Study: Trying to Save the California Condor
Largest North American bird…nearly extinct in the early 1980s with only _______ remaining in the wild
Threatened by lead poisoning from ____________ present in __________________ that they were eating
Birds captured and breed in captivity
By 2009, ________ in the wild…a total of 348 including captive populations
Expensive project…$35 million so far 22
bullets
carcasses
180

15. The Precautionary Principle
Precautionary principle: ______ to prevent or reduce harm when _____________ evidence indicates acting is needed
“Better safe than sorry”
Preservation of species and ecosystems
act
preliminary
Allocating limited resources/funds
Which species to focus on?
Most critical habitats?

16. Three Big Ideas
We are greatly increasing the extinction of wild species by destroying and degrading their _______________, introducing harmful _______________ species, and increasing human population _____________, _______________, climate _____________, and _________________.
2. We should avoid causing the extinction of wild species because of the ecological and economic _________________ they provide and because their existence should not depend primarily on their usefulness to us.
habitats
invasive
growth
pollution
change
overexploitation
services

17. Three Big Ideas
We can work to prevent the extinction of species and to protect overall biodiversity by using _______ and treaties, protecting wildlife _______________, and making greater use of the _________________ principle.
laws
sanctuaries
precautionary

18. Review Questions
What two main international treaties are discussed in this section?
What are some methods for sustaining biodiversity and protecting species?
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
Wildlife refuges, gene and seed banks, botanical gardens,
farms, egg pulling, captive breeding, artificial insemination,
cross-fostering