1. GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES # 1
MARTINI, FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION, CHAPTER # 14
Exercise #20
Page # 249
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2. NOTE: THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR PRACTICUMS /
QUIZZES.
STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR READING THEIR TEXBOOK (S) AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS
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3. OBJECTIVES
Identifying the major regions of the brain and state their function.
Identifying the meninges.
Locating and naming selected cranial nerves.
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4. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)- BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
PERIPFERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)- NERVES & ASSOCITED
GANGLIA
CEREBRAL HEMIPHERES- 2 HALF OF THE CEREBEUM, RIGHT & LEFT
DIVIDED BY LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
GYRI (PLURAL)- THICK AREAS
GYRUS- (SINGULAR)- FOLDS
PRECENTRAL GYRUS
POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
FISSURES: DEEP GROOVES
SULCI- SHALLOW GROOVES SEPARATING GYRI
SULCY- PLURAL
SULCUS- SINGULAR
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE- IT SEPARATES THE RIGHT & LEFT
HEMISPHERES
CENTRAL SULCUS- IT DIVIDES THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERS IN
ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR

5. LATERAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES
FROM TEMPORAL LOBE
PARIETO OCCIPITAL SULCUS- IT SEPARATES THE PARIETAL LOBE
FROM OCCIPITAL LOBE
FRONTAL LOBE- FROM CENTRAL SULCUS ANTERIORLY
PREFRONTAL CORTEX- MOST ANTERIOR PART OF THE FRONTAL LOBE
F- CENTER OF THE INTELECT FOR RAZONALIZATION
TEMPORAL LOBE- UNDER THE TEMPORAL BONES UNDER THE
LATERAL SULCUS
PARIETAL LOBE- UNDER THE PARIETAL BONES & BEHIND THE
FRONTAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE- POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM
UNDER OCCIPITAL BONE
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6. PRE CENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS BEFORE THE CENTRAL SULCUS (ORANGE IN MODEL)
IT CONTEINS THE PRIMARY MOTOR AREA-
F- TO CONTROL VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENT
POSTCENTRAL GYRUS- GYRUS AFTER THE CENTRAL SULCUS
(LAVANDER IN MODEL)
IT CONTEIS THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA
F- TO RECEIVE SENSORY INFO FROM GENERAL
SENSORY RECEPTORS EX- TOUCH, PAIN, TEMP
SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA-
BEHIND THE POST CENTRAL GYRUS (LAVANDER)
F- TO INTERPRET SENSORY INFORMATION
BROCA’S AREA- CONTEIS THE SPEECH CENTER
F- TO CONTROL MUSCLES OF SPEECH
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12. TURN THE MODEL OVER OLFACTORY BULBS- THE BULBS TO THE FRONT
F- CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL
OLFACTORY TRACS – WHERE THE BULB ARE ATTACHED TO
F- TO CARRY SENSORY INFO ABOUT SMELL
OPTIC CHIASMA- WHERE THE OPTIC NERVES CROSS (IN THE MIDDLE)
OPTIC TRACTS- FROM OPTIC NERVES BACK TO THE BRAIN
F- TO CARRY VISUAL INFORMATION
PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOFISIS)-
F- TO PRODUCE MANY HORMONES
MAMiILARY BODIES- (ORANGE & WHITE IN MODEL)
F-TO CARRY SMELL IMPULSE
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14. OPEN THE BRAIN IN HALF CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES- POSTERIOR PART OF THE PONS
F- TO CARRY MOTOR INFORMATION
PONS- CONNECTS THE CEREBRUM WITH THE CEREBELUM
F-RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO CEREBELLUM & THALAMUS
AND CONTAIN BREATHING CENTER
SUBCONSCIOUS SOMATIC & VISCERAL MOTOR CENTERS
MEDULA OBLONGATA-
F- RELAYS SENSORY INFO TO THALAMUS & BRAIN STEM
TO CONTROL VITAL SIGNS (BLOOD PRESSURE,
HEART RATE, RESPIRATORY RATE)
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16. Corpora cuadrigemina- 2 superior colliculies-
F- to process visual sensation for visual reflex
To control reflex mov of eyes, head & neck
2 inferior colliculies-
F- to process auditory sensation for auditory reflex
To control reflex mov of head, neck, &
trunk (loud voice)
Corpus callosum-
F-to carry info between cerebral hemispheres
Fornix- tracts of white matter that connects limbic system
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17. Septum pellucidum- it separates the lateral Ventricles (1 & 2)
Thalamus- from anterior commisure to pineal gland
F- relays & processing centers for sensory information
Intermediate mass-(brown model);
F- to connect both sides of the thalamus
Hypothalamus- from superior to the optic
chiasm to posterior margin of mammillary bodies
F- to control emotions- feeding, hunger & thirst centers
Autonomic f-heart rate, blood pressure,
Respiration & digestive funct
To secrete hormones (adh, oxytocine)
To control circadian rhythms

18. Epithalamus (pineal body- or gland)- F- to produce melatonin h
Setting circadian rhythm
Timming human sexual maturation
Protects brain against free radicals
Location- lies posterior portion of roof of 3rd ventricle
Cerebellum-
Vermis- (narrow band of cortex along the middline)
F- to separate right & left cerebellar hemispheres arbor vitae- white mater of cerebellum
Function of cerebellum- adjust postural movement balance and equilibrium
Programming fine tuning movement to make movements smoo
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23. THE CEREBELLUM
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24. THE CEREBELLUM (ARBOR VITAE)
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25. MENINGES Meninx= membrane: for protection Cranial meninges
(From exrternal to internal)
Dura mater- endosteal layer
Dural sinus
Dura mater- meningeal layer
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarcnoid space contains csf
Pia mater- for nourishment cerebral cortex
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26. CRANIAL MENINGES (CONTINUATION)
Dura mater
Falx cerebri- formed by dura mater along
longitudinal fissure
F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres
Superior sagital sinus- venous sinus within the falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli- on top of the cerebellum
F- to separate the cerebral hemispheres from those of the cerebellum
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29. VENTRICLES Function of the ventricles- to contain CSF
Lateral ventricles (1 & 2)
3rd ventricle
Interventricular foramen- to connect lateral
ventricle with 3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct- to connect 3rd ventricle
with fourth ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Choroid plexus- function- it contains the ependimal
cells for production of CSF
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32. CRANIAL NERVES I- olfactory n- (not seen in charts, just in model)
F- special sensory, to carry smell impulse
II- optic n- special sensory, to carry visual info
III- oculomotor-motor-to control movement of the muscles of the eyes
IV-troclear-motor, eye movement (superior oblique muscles of the eyes
V-trigeminal- (sensory & motor)- to face chewing muscles
VI-abducens-motor- eye movement. Loc : pons & medulla
F- lateral rectus muscle of the eyes
VII- facial-(sensory & motor)-
F- muscles of facial expression
Carries motor info for face

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34. VIII- vestibulococlear n- special sensory
Vestibular branch- balance & equilibrium
Cochlear branch- hearing
IX- glosopharyngeal n- sensory & motor-
Head & neck
X- vagus n- sensory & motor-
Organs in thorax & abdomen
XI-accessory n- motor-
Neck, upper back, trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles
XII- hypoglossal n- motor- tongue movement
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35. OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM OLFACTORY FIBERS OLFACTORY BULB OLFACTORY TRACT
(chapter #17)
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38. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Parasympathetic or craniosacral division-
To maintain body under resting conditions
Preganglionic neuron: located in CNS, found in brain and
sacral part of spinal cord (s2-s4)
Pregaglionic fibers: from CNS to ganglia
Intramural or terminal ganglion- contain ganglionic neurons
postganglionic fibers: from ganglia to organ
Sympathetic or thoraco lumbar division-
To put the body in alert state
Preganglionic neuron: in CNS (spinal cord t1-l2)
White ramus communicans: contain preganglionic unmyelinatesd fibers
Splanchnic nerves – preganglionic fibers
Sympathetic chain ganglia: contain ganglionic neurons
collateral ganglion: contain ganglionic neurons
Gray ramus communicans: contain postganglionic unmylinated fibers

39. REMEMBER! GO TO THE TUTORING ROO AND PRACTICE WITH MODELS. ROO 3326.
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