1. Discontinuous Galerkin Methods Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008

2. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Contents Working with 1-Dimension Introduction of DG Methods Methods of solving PDEs

3. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Methods of solving PDEs Finite Difference Method Finite Volume Method Finite Element Method PDEs

4. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Methods of solving PDEs  E.g. 1D scalar conservation law with initial conditions and boundary conditions on the boundary unknown solution flux prescribed force How to get the approximate solution ? Is it satisfied the equation?

5. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Methods of solving PDEs  Finite Difference Method a grid local grid size assume: Residual:

6. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Methods of solving PDEs Simple to implement Finite Difference Method  Ill-suited to deal with complex geometries Element-based discretization to ensure geometry flexibility

7. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Methods of solving PDEs  Finite Volume Method element staggered grid, solution is approximated on the element by a constant Divergence Theorem Reconstruction of Solution To find the p+1 unknown coefficients need information at least from p+1 cells The actual numerical scheme will depend upon problem geometry and mesh construction. Difficult when high- order reconstruction.

8. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Methods of solving PDEs  Finite Element Method assume the local solution: element locally defined basis function global representation of : whereis the basis function. define a space of test functions,, and require the residual is orthogonal to all test functions:

9. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Methods of solving PDEs  Finite Element Method Classical choice: the spaces spanned by the basis functions and test functions are the same. Since the residual has to vanish for all Easy to extend to high- order approximation by adding additional degrees of freedom to the element.  The semi-discrete scheme becomes implicit and M must be inverted

10. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Introduction of DG Methods  The Discontinuous Galerkin method is somewhere between a finite element and a finite volume method and has many good features of both, utilizing a space of basis and test functions that mimics the finite element method but satisfying the equation in a sense closer to the finite volume method.  It provides a practical framework for the development of high-order accurate methods using unstructured grids. The method is well suited for large-scale time-dependent computations in which high accuracy is required.  An important distinction between the DG method and the usual finite-element method is that in the DG method the resulting equations are local to the generating element. The solution within each element is not reconstructed by looking to neighboring elements. Its compact formulation can be applied near boundaries without special treatment, which greatly increases the robustness and accuracy of any boundary condition implementation.

11. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Introduction of DG Methods  From FEM and FVM to DG-FEM maintain the definition of elements as in the FEM but new definition of vector of unknowns Assume the local solution in each element is: (likewise for the flux) Define The space of basis functions: The local residual is:

12. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Introduction of DG Methods Require that the residual is orthogonal to all test functions : Similar to FVM, use Gauss’ theorem: introduce the numerical flux,, as the unique value to be used at the interface and obtained by coming information from both elements. applying Gauss’ theorem again: Weak Form Strong Form

13. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Introduction of DG Methods  More general form Consider the nonlinear, scalar, conservation law: subject to appropriate initial conditions The boundary conditions are provided when the boundary is an inflow boundary: when We still assume that the global solution can be well approximated by a space of piecewise polynomial functions, defined on the union of, and require the residual to be orthogonal to space of the test functions,

14. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Introduction of DG Methods recover the locally defined weak formulation: and the strong form: Assume that all local test functions can be represented by using a local polynomial basis,, as and leads to equations as:

15. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Working with 1-Dimension E.g.  Choose the basis functions: Jacobi polynomials  Integral: Gaussian quadrature  Time: 4th order explicit RK method  Simple algorithm steps: Generate simple mesh Construct the matrices Solve the equation system

16. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Working with 1-Dimension

17. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Working with 1-Dimension

18. Li, Yang FerienAkademie 2008 Reference  Jan S Hesthaven, Tim Warburton: Nodal Discontinuous Galerkin Methods: Algorithms, Analysis, and Applications, Springer  Cockburn B, Shu CW: TVB Runge-Kutta local projection discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for conservation laws II: general framework, MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTATION, v52 (1989), pp.411-435.  http://lsec.cc.ac.cn/lcfd/DGM_mem.html  http://www.wikipedia.org/  http://www.nudg.org/