1. Reconfigurable Computing - Type conversions and the standard libraries John Morris Chung-Ang University The University of Auckland ‘Iolanthe’ at 13 knots on Cockburn Sound, Western Australia

2. Arithmetic in a programming language  VHDL is like a general purpose programming language!  You should be able to write things like ‬ c = a + b; c = a – b; ‬ IF a = b THEN … END IF; ‬ IF a < b THEN … END IF; ‬and even.. ‬ C = a * b; ‬ D = a / b; ‬without having to implement adders, subtracters, comparators, … explicitly!  There is a standard library ‬ std_logic_arith which defines operators: +, -, ABS, *,, >=, =, /=, SHL, SHR  So you can write ‬ c = a + b; cnt = cnt – 1; … if you get the types right!!  VHDL is strongly typed, so this can sometimes be painful!!  The advantage is that, when you do get it to compile, it’s more likely to generate a correct circuit!

3. std_logic_arith  Reading the package header for this can be somewhat daunting … library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.ALL; PACKAGE std_logic_arith is type UNSIGNED is array (NATURAL range <>) of STD_LOGIC; type SIGNED is array (NATURAL range <>) of STD_LOGIC; subtype SMALL_INT is INTEGER range 0 to 1; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: UNSIGNED) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: UNSIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: INTEGER) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: INTEGER; R: UNSIGNED) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: INTEGER) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: INTEGER; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: STD_ULOGIC) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: STD_ULOGIC; R: UNSIGNED) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: STD_ULOGIC) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: STD_ULOGIC; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; The semicolons should be at the end of each line! This error brought to you by Microsoft and the PowerPoint team! The library is a VHDL PACKAGE (as most are) Note that we have three new types here: UNSIGNED, SIGNED and SMALL_INT … and MANY definitions of “+”!!! These are necessary because of the strong typing – but they allow you to write a variety of expressions! U, v, w: unsigned( 0 TO n); s, r, t: signed( 0 TO n); i, j, k: integer;

4. std_logic_arith  Reading the package header for this can be somewhat daunting … library IEEE; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.ALL; PACKAGE std_logic_arith is type UNSIGNED is array (NATURAL range <>) of STD_LOGIC; type SIGNED is array (NATURAL range <>) of STD_LOGIC; subtype SMALL_INT is INTEGER range 0 to 1; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: UNSIGNED) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: UNSIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: INTEGER) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: INTEGER; R: UNSIGNED) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: INTEGER) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: INTEGER; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: UNSIGNED; R: STD_ULOGIC) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: STD_ULOGIC; R: UNSIGNED) return UNSIGNED; function "+"(L: SIGNED; R: STD_ULOGIC) return SIGNED; function "+"(L: STD_ULOGIC; R: SIGNED) return SIGNED; The semicolons should be at the end of each line! This error brought to you by Microsoft and the PowerPoint team! The library is a VHDL PACKAGE (as most are) u, v, w: unsigned( 0 TO n); s, r, t: signed( 0 TO n); i, j, k: integer; u <= v + w; s <= r + t; s <= u + r; S <= r + u; u <= v + j; u <= j + v; s <= r + j; …

5. std_logic_arith  To get things into the right type, you need to use conversion functions  These (+more!) appear in std_logic_arith ; function CONV_INTEGER(ARG: UNSIGNED) return INTEGER function CONV_INTEGER(ARG: SIGNED) return INTEGER; function CONV_INTEGER(ARG: STD_ULOGIC) return INTEGER; function CONV_UNSIGNED(ARG: INTEGER; SIZE: INTEGER) return UNSIGNED; function CONV_UNSIGNED(ARG: UNSIGNED; SIZE: INTEGER) return UNSIGNED; function CONV_UNSIGNED(ARG: SIGNED; SIZE: INTEGER) return UNSIGNED; function CONV_UNSIGNED(ARG: STD_ULOGIC; SIZE: INTEGER) return UNSIGNED; function CONV_SIGNED(ARG: INTEGER; SIZE: INTEGER) return SIGNED; function CONV_SIGNED(ARG: UNSIGNED; SIZE: INTEGER) return SIGNED; function CONV_SIGNED(ARG: SIGNED; SIZE: INTEGER) return SIGNED; function CONV_SIGNED(ARG: STD_ULOGIC; SIZE: INTEGER) return SIGNED; return STD_LOGIC_VECTOR; ) function CONV_STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(ARG: INTEGER; SIZE: INTEGER function function CONV_STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(ARG: UNSIGNED; size: integer ) return std_logic_vector;

6. General Type Conversion  When the types are compatible, you can cast a type like this:  For example, signed and std_logic_vector are essentially the same, so this works: a, b : std_logic_vector; s: signed; s <= signed( a ); s <= signed(a) + signed(b);

7. Typical FPGA Architecture  Logic blocks embedded in a ‘sea’ of connection resources  CLB = logic block IOB = I/O buffer PSM = programmable switch matrix  Interconnections critical  Transmission gates on paths  Flexibility  Connect any LB to any other  but  Much slower than connections within a logic block  Much slower than long lines on an ASIC Aside: This is a ‘universal’ problem - not restricted to FPGAs! Applies to custom VLSI, ASICs, systems, parallel processors Small transistors  high speed  high density  long, wide datapaths

8. Logic Blocks  Combination of  And-or array or Look-Up-Table (LUT)  Flip-flops  Multiplexors  General aim  Arbitrary boolean function of several variables  Storage  Adders are critical  All modern FPGAs have ‘fast carry logic’  High speed lines connecting LBs directly  Very fast ripple carry adders

9. Ripple Carry Adder  The simplest and most well known adder  Time to complete  n x propagation delay( FA: (a or b)  carry )  We can do better than this - using one of many known better structures  but  What are the advantages of a ripple carry adder?  Small  Regular  Fits easily into a 2-D layout! FA a1a1 b1b1 c in c out s1s1 FA a0a0 b0b0 c in c out s0s0 FA a n-1 b n-1 c in c out s n-1 FA a n-2 b n-2 c in c out s n-2 carry out Very important in packing circuitry into fixed 2-D layout of an FPGA!

10. Ripple Carry Adders  Ripple carry adder performance is limited by propagation of carries FA a1a1 b1b1 c in c out s1s1 FA a0a0 b0b0 c in c out s0s0 FA a n-1 b n-1 c in c out s n-1 FA a n-2 b n-2 c in c out s n-2 carry out FA a3a3 b3b3 c in c out s3s3 FA a2a2 b2b2 c in c out s2s2 LB A 2-bit adder fits in a Xilinx CLB (enough logic for 5 inputs and 2 outputs) But these signals would need to be carried by the general routing resources (slow!) (In fact, you can’t fit a 2-bit adder with carry out in a CLB because there aren’t enough outputs! The fast carry logic provides special (low R) lines for carry-in and carry-out  fast adder with 2 bits/CLB

11. ‘Fast Carry’ Logic  Critical delay  Transmission of carry out from one logic block to the next  Solution (most modern FPGAs)  ‘Fast carry’ logic  Special paths between logic blocks used specifically for carry out  Very fast ripple carry adders!  More sophisticated adders?  Carry select  Uses ripple carry blocks - so can use fast carry logic  Should be faster for wide datapaths?  Carry lookahead  Uses large amounts of logic and multiple logic blocks  Hard to make it faster for small adders!

12. Carry Select Adder n-bit Ripple Carry Adder a 0-3 sum 0-3 b 0-3 cin a 4-7 sum0 4-7 b 4-7 cout 7 cout 3 0 sum1 4-7 cout 7 1 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder b 4-7 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder 01 sum 4-7 01 carry Here we build an 8-bit adder from 4-bit blocks ‘Standard’ n -bit ripple carry adders n = any suitable value

13. Carry Select Adder n-bit Ripple Carry Adder a 0-3 sum 0-3 b 0-3 cin a 4-7 sum0 4-7 b 4-7 cout 7 cout 3 0 sum1 4-7 cout 7 1 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder b 4-7 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder 01 sum 4-7 01 carry After 4*t pd it will produce a carry out This block adds the 4 low order bits These two blocks ‘speculate’ on the value of cout 3 One assumes it will be 0 the other assumes 1

14. Carry Select Adder n-bit Ripple Carry Adder a 0-3 sum 0-3 b 0-3 cin a 4-7 sum0 4-7 b 4-7 cout 7 cout 3 0 sum1 4-7 cout 7 1 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder b 4-7 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder 01 sum 4-7 01 carry After 4*t pd it will produce a carry out This block adds the 4 low order bits After 4* tpd we will have: sum 0-3 (final sum bits) cout 3 (from low order block) sum0 4-7 cout0 7 (from block assuming 0 c in ) sum1 4-7 cout1 7 (from block assuming 1 c in )

15. Carry Select Adder n-bit Ripple Carry Adder a 0-3 sum 0-3 b 0-3 cin a 4-7 sum0 4-7 b 4-7 cout 7 cout 3 0 sum1 4-7 cout 7 1 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder b 4-7 n-bit Ripple Carry Adder 01 sum 4-7 01 carry Cout 3 selects correct sum 4-7 and carry out All 8 bits + carry are available after 4*t pd (FA) + t pd (multiplexor)

16. Carry Select Adder  This scheme can be generalized to any number of bits  Select a suitable block size ( eg 4, 8)  Replicate all blocks except the first  One with c in = 0  One with c in = 1  Use final c out from preceding block to select correct set of outputs for current block