1. CHEMISTRY World of Zumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste

2. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Modern Atomic Theory

3. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.3 Figure 11.1: The Rutherford atom.

4. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.4 Figure 11.2: A seagull floating on the ocean moves up and down as waves pass.

5. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.5 Figure 11.3: The wavelength of a wave.

6. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.6 Figure 11.5: Electromagnetic radiation.

7. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.7 Figure 11.6: Photons of red and blue light.

8. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.8 Figure 11.8: An excited lithium atom emitting a photon of red light to drop to a lower energy state.

9. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 Figure 11.9: A sample of H atoms receives energy from an external source.

10. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.10 Figure 11.9: The excited atoms release energy by emitting photons.

11. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.11 Figure 11.10: An excited H atom returns to a lower energy level.

12. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.12 Figure 11.11: Colors and wavelengths of photons in the visible region.

13. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.13 Figure 11.12: The color of the photon emitted depends on the energy change that produces it.

14. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.14 Figure 11.13: Each photon emitted corresponds to a particular energy change.

15. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.15 Figure 11.14: Continuous and discrete energy levels.

16. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 Figure 11.15: The difference between continuous and quantized energy levels.

17. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.17 Figure 11.17: The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.

18. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.18 Figure 11.18: A representation of the photo of the firefly experiment.

19. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 11.19: The orbital that describes the hydrogen electron in its lowest possible energy state.

20. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.20 Figure 11.20: The hydrogen 1s orbital.

21. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.21 Figure 11.21: The first four principle energy levels in the hydrogen atom.

22. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22 Figure 11.22: How principal levels can be divided into sublevels.

23. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.23 Figure 11.23: Principal level 2 shown divided into the 2s and 2p sublevels.

24. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.24 Figure 11.24: The relative sizes of the 1s and 2s orbitals of hydrogen.

25. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.25 Figure 11.25: The three 2p orbitals.

26. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.26 Figure 11.26: Diagram of principal energy levels 1 and 2.

27. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.27 Figure 11.27: Relative sizes of the spherical 1s, 2s, and 3s orbitals of hydrogen.

28. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.28 Figure 11.28: The shapes and labels of the five 3d orbitals.

29. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.29 Figure 11.30: Partial electron configurations for the elements potassium through krypton.

30. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.30 Figure 11.31: Orbitals being filled for elements in various parts of the periodic table.

31. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.31 Figure 11.34: Periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and partial electron configurations.

32. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.32 Figure 11.35: Classification of elements as metals, nonmetals, and matalloids.

33. Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.33 Figure 11.36: Relative atomic sizes for selected atoms.