1. Pragmatics The Vessel into which all other components are placed!
A Functionalist Model

2. 1 Definition of Language
Language Review
1 Definition of Language
A socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and the combination of those symbols. Bloom and Lahey
2. Perspectives of language
1. Components
2. Discourse
3. Receptive/Expressive
3. 4 views of language development
4. Communication Circle
5. Language Fan: Form/Content/Use

3. Components of Language
Pragmatics
Phonology
Semantics
Syntax
Metalinguistics
Emergent Literacy
Central Auditory Processing (CAP)

4. Pragmatics
Definition: study of the relationship between language and the context that are basic to an account of language understanding
social use of language
It’s about COMMUNICATION

5. Pragmatic Concepts Sociolinguistic: Culture & Communication
Development: Begins with Cry- ends with the death sigh
Theorists
1. Dore Halliday
3. Roth & Spekman Prutting
5. Fey Others

6. Pragmatics=Intentionality
Speech Act and Development of Intentionality
Perlocutionary
Illocutionary 6 months
Locutionary (First Words

7. Development of Intentionality
Perlocutionary-Caregiver assigns intentions to infant’s cry, smiles, vocalizations, gestures
Illocutionary-Infant begins to initiate INTENTIONALITY through cry differentiation, smiles, gestures
Locutionary-Modality specific: Verbal Language or Gestures (sign language)
It’s a PIL,
what’s a ILP, a LIP?

8. Theorists: Dore Prag 3
Studied younger children developing language
Taxonomy appropriate for language below MLU of 3 or through telegraphic speech
Taxonomy (p. 242)

9. Pragmatics: Halliday Prag. 4
Halliday’s perspective: Language is used to interact with others, regulate their behavior and to fulfill speaker’s needs by having a listener/s respond appropriately
Taxonomy Use: older children who are verbal because it is multi-word taxonomy
Taxonomy
similar to Dore’s except for Heuristic

10. Dore/Halliday Comparison
Personal (that’interesting, self-talk)
Imitating
Informative (got something to tell you)
Regulatory (do as I tell you)
Interactional (initiation)
Personal(withdrawal)
Instrumental (I want)
Imaginative (let’s pretend)
Heiristic (why?)
Dore
Label
Repeat
Answer
Request Action
Request Answer
Calling
Protesting
Practice

11. Halliday’s Taxonony
Halliday observed Broad pragmatic functions instead of individual utterance functions as observed by Dore BUT considerable similarity
Emergence of Speech
initially speech emerges to accompany action, not to convey information
attention is restricted to a single object and action associated with it
notes object relations or comments on the event (recurrence)

12. Halliday’s Taxonomy, #2 Separated into 3 PHASES Phase I
ages 9 months to 17 months
initially speech emerges to accompany action, not to convey information
communicative functions
instrumental
regulatory
interactional
personal

13. Halliday’s Taxonomy #3 Phase II
characterized by a generalization of the previous functions into new broader functions and by the disappearance of isomorphic forms
two broad functions emerge
mathetic general learning functions
includes the Personal and Heuristic
pragmatic involves needs satisfaction and control
includes Instrumental and Regulatory functions
at two-word level, child begins to use structure independent of function
in general: Old Forms (constructions)-New Ideas New Forms (generalization) - Old ideas

14. Halliday’s Taxonomy #4 Phase III child attains adult-like functions
attained by age 2
ability to combine several language functions within a single utterance
-use of a lexicogrammatical (semantic/syntactic) system makes in possible to fulfill (perlocutionary) all necessary functions in a discourse simultaneously
ex: mommy, cookie hot -interactional, description, inferential requesting

15. Pragmatics: Roth & Spekman prag. 4
Taxonomy use: more comprehensive
Taxonomy:
Triangle with points of
Communication Intention
Presupposition
Organization of Discourse CI P OD

16. Communication Intention
Divided into Range and Form
Range
Preverbal
Holophrases
Multi-Word
Form
Gestural
Gestural + Vocalization
Verbal/ Sign Language

17. Communication Intention for Roth and Spekman PREVERBAL prag #5
Preverbal Intentions
Attention Seeking to self
Attention seeking to events, others,
Requesting
objects
Actions
Information
Protesting/Rejecting
Responding/Acknowledging
Informing
Greeting (social)

18. Communication Intentions for Roth and Spekman Holophrases #7
Naming
Commenting
Request Objects
Present
Absent
Requesting Information
Responding
Protesting/Rejecting
Greetings

19. Communication Intentions for Roth and Spekman Multi-Word #8
Requesting Information
Requesting Action
Responding to Requests
Stating or Commenting
Regulating Conversational Behavior
Other Performatives such as teasing, warning sarcasm, humor, metaphors, etc (metalinguistics)

20. Matrix Example Performatives teasing warning sarcasm humor metaphors
Examples

21. Presupposition for Roth and Spekman
Principle of Informativeness
Three Aspects
1. Topic
New/Old Information
Needs of listener
2. Listener
Conversational participants
Type of language (register)
3. Cohesive Devices
Anaphoric reference -use of pronouns
Ellipsis
Conjunctions
Deictic terms (empty pronouns) this, that, these, those

22. Organization of Discourse
5 Aspects
1. Conversational Initiation
2. Turn Taking
conversational speaking time
3. Staying on Topic OR Conversational Maintenance
4. Conversational Repairs
5. Topic Termination

23. Conversational Repairs
Linguistic Structure
phonologic poon--spoon
morphologic he sleep--sleeps
syntactic cats--big cats
Linguistic Content
repetition
confirmation
elaboration
Extralinguistic
pitch change
stress
demonstration

24. Pragmatics’ Assignment Example
Organization of Discourse
Form
Range
items
Presupposiiton
-listener
- topic
conversation initiation
turn taking
eye contact
conversation repair
conversation termination
Examples
verbal
dyad
familiar:
initiated by conv. Part
example
part. Made eye contact lasting about __second
repair example

25. Taxonomy GRID Examples Organization of Discourse Form Range items
Presupposiiton
-listener
- topic
conversation initiation
turn taking
eye contact
conversation repair
conversation termination
Examples

26. RANGE Communication Intentions Used Examples Social
Informing/Commenting
Regulating
Conversational
Behavior
Negating/Protesting
Requesting Info
Requesting Action
Responding to Request
Heuristic

27. Informing/Commenting
Intentions
Used
Examples
Social
Informing/Commenting
Regulating
Conversational
Behavior
Negating/Protesting
Requesting Info
Requesting Action
Responding to Request
Heuristic
Presupposition
Used
Examples
New/Old Information
Conversational Participants
Register
Anaphoric reference
Ellipsis
Conjunctions
Deictic terms
Organization Of Discourse
Used
Examples
Initiation/Conservation
Conversation Maintenance
Turn Taking
Repair
Termination
Intentions
Presupposition
Organization of Discourse

28. Organization Of Discourse Used Examples
Initiation/Conservation
Conversation Maintenance
Turn Taking
Repair (EXPAND)
Termination

29. Prutting’s Pragmatic Taxonomy
Includes all of Roth and Spekman’s
Communication Intention
Presupposition
Organization of Discourse
ADDS: Proxemics ) CI OD P
PROX

30. Proxemic’s Importance
“The eyes of men converse as much as their tongues, with the advantage that the ocular dialect needs no dictionary, but is understood the world over,” Ralph Waldo Emerson
Skills
Nonlinguistic elements
distance from a speaker,
gaze
touch
Paralinguistic elements (fluency, rate, intonation)

31. Fey’s Taxonomy Assertive/ Responsive Matrix Definitions Matrix
Conversational Assertiveness
Definition: ability and/or willingness to take a conversational turn when none has been sloicited by a partner.
Responsiveness-
Definition: ability to comply with the speaker’s range of intent.
Matrix

32. Fey’s Taxonomy: Assessment/ Intervention Implications
For Assessment: In a PBA determining the child’s ability in both areas.
For intervention: Using a communication modality that encourages both. Usually SLI children are better at being “Responsive” than “Assertive.”
Reason: therapy usually reinforces Responsiveness.
Ex. Question/Answer

33. Pragmatics’ Questions
1. Define pragmatics.
2. How is pragmatics ‘tied to’ the 4 views of language development?
3. What is the Speech Act progression of pragmatic development
4. Why is pragmatics ‘central’ to language?
5. Explain Dore’s taxonomy
6. Explain Halliday’s taxonomy
7. Explain Roth & Spekman’s taxonomy
8. Explain Prutting’s taxonomy
9. Explain Fey’s taxonomy
10. What is the purpose of knowing these taxonomies?

34. End of Lecture Notes