1. Chapter 4 – The Lithosphere Phosphorus Minerals “Ultimate” limiting nutrient given its origin Apatite only primary mineral (4.7)Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH + 4H 2 CO 3  5Ca 2+ + 3HPO 4 3- + 4HCO 3- + H 2 O Weathered P has many fates… -- release as PO 4 3- (non-occluded) -- binding by iron and aluminum sesquioxides (occluded) -- storage in organic matter (organic P) -- plant uptake -- lost by leaching Evolved plant strategies for P uptake: - accelerate P weathering (via chelators) - inhibit Al and Fe oxide crystallization (via chelators) - associate with mycorrhizal fungi

2. Chapter 4 – The Lithosphere Walker and Syers (1976) model during pedogensis

3. Chapter 4 – The Lithosphere Role of pH in affecting P availability and occlusion

4. Stationary Hotpsot

5. Crews et al. (1995) Ecology 76(5):1407-1424 P fractions in soils of Hawaiian archipelago

6. Soil Forming Factors (Jenny 1980) 1.Parent Material 2.Climate 3.Vegetation 4.Topography 5.Time

7. Distribution of P corresponds well to Walker and Syers (1976) model Total mass of P doesn't decline through soil development

8. Figure 3 Change in soil element content integrated over the top metre of soil, compared with element contents in the lava parent material(38). Measured element concentrations (a, Mg, Ca, Si; b, Al, P) were corrected for changes in density and loss of mass during soil formation71. In c, the rates of loss of P and Ca are calculated using the mass of an element lost between two sites and the corresponding difference in age.

9. Figure 4 Comparison of Ca inputs from substrate and the atmosphere. a, Rate of Ca loss from substrate (Fig. 3c) plotted with the present addition of Ca in rain water and cloud water. b, The per cent of total Ca inputs that are derived from the atmosphere, calculated by dividing the atmospheric contribution by the sum of atmospheric and weathering (actually loss from substrate) contribution.Fig. 3c

10. Radioactive Decay Source of 87 Sr: radiogenic origin 87 Rb & primordial nucleo-synthesis

11. Figure 5 Indicators of the sources of Sr and Ca measured for each site. a, The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of Sr extracted from soil exchange sites and from Metrosideros leaves. The isotope ratio is primarily constrained by the value for Hawaiian lava of 0.7035 and a value for sea water (and hence rainfall in Hawaii) of 0.7092 (ref. 48). b, The concentration of Ca in soil solution collected by lysimeters inserted below the primary rooting zone in the soils. The measured values have been normalized using a standard sea-salt ratio to reflect Ca released to soil solution by mineral weathering only. Fig. 2. Variation in the 87Sr/86Sr composition of seawater for the past 100 Ma [19]. Dashed lines represent the mean 87Sr/86Sr values for the Northern and Southern Lowlands. Gray shading represents 2 standard deviation about the mean values. Hodell et al. (2003) J. Archaeological Science 31(5):585 Atm.=0.7092 Lava=0.7035 Mineral weathering only

12. Figure 8 Comparison of phosphorus inputs from substrate and the atmosphere. a, Rate of P loss from the soil as a whole (Fig. 3c) plotted with the long-term average addition of P in mineral aerosol. b, The per cent atmospheric contribution for each site calculated by dividing the atmospheric contribution by the sum of the atmospheric inputs and contribution from soil phosphorus release.Fig. 3c

14. Figure 8 Comparison of phosphorus inputs from substrate and the atmosphere. a, Rate of P loss from the soil as a whole (Fig. 3c) plotted with the long-term average addition of P in mineral aerosol. b, The per cent atmospheric contribution for each site calculated by dividing the atmospheric contribution by the sum of the atmospheric inputs and contribution from soil phosphorus release.Fig. 3c

15. Figure 6 Map showing estimates of the long-term (integrated glacial plus interglacial) rate of dust deposition to the Pacific Ocean (from. ref. 58). The isopachs (mg m-2 yr-1) are based on models of atmospheric dust transport (58) and are in general agreement with data collected from numerous ocean cores (52). Chadwick et al. (1999) Central Asian Dust Supplies Hawaiian Archipelago with P

16. Fall 2015: We did not cover the remaining 3 slides in this presentation

17.  Concentration [~available] of rock-derived nutrients is high initially, but declines with soil age  The concentration [& availability] of N increases through time

18. Vitousek and Farrington (1997) Biogeochemistry 37:63-75 +100 kg N ha -1 y -1 +100 kg P ha -1 y -1 Measured diameter growth of canopy trees

19. Ca and Mg additions did not affect forest productivity at any site