1. Textile Industry Denise Ford

2. Overview  Natural Fibers  Cotton  Silk  Synthetic Fibers  History  Properties  Production Methods  Fiber Processing Concerns

3. Natural Fibers  Plant  Animal  Mineral  Bamboo  Cotton  Grass  Hemp  Sisal  Straw  Silk  Wool  Glass  Metal

4. Natural Fibers - Cotton  History  Used in textiles as early as 3000BC  Came to Europe in 800  First machine produced in England in 1730  Production  Used for clothing, batting, furniture  $120 billion business revenue

5. Natural Fibers - Silk  History  Silk worm rearing began in 2640BC in China  Silk Road in 300BC brought silk to the west  Production  Used for clothing, fishing line, light armor, musical instruments, rag paper  Contested by animal rights activists because larva must be boiled alive

6. Synthetic Fibers  Nylon  Polyester  Olefin  Rayon*  Spandex  Acrylic  Lurex

7. Synthetic Fibers - History  Rayon developed in 1890s in France  Most synthetic fibers began mass production in mid 20th century in the U.S.  Polyester mass produced in 1953  Synthetic fiber production ~ natural fiber production by 2000

8. Synthetic Fibers – Properties of Polymers  Properties are strongly correlated to size of chain  Important properties for fibers  Diameter  Elasticity  Surface energy  Compressive strength  Tensile strength

9. Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods Meltblowing Air PumpFilter Extruder Suction Blower

10. Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods Electrospinning

11. Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods T. Grafe, 2002

12. Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods Mean Diameter (nm) Surface Energy (dyn/cm) Tensile Strength normalized MBESMBESMBES Polyurethane 190006604852.194.479 Nylon6 6800684850.1541.52

13. Textile Industry – Fiber Processing Concerns  BOD and TSS emitted in waste water from processing of fibers  265 m 3 waste/metric ton cotton  115 kg/metric ton BOD  70 kg/metric ton TSS  Less waste volume produced from the processing of synthetic fibers, but often more BOD and TSS

14. Conclusion  Natural Fibers  Cotton  Silk  Synthetic Fibers  History  Properties  Production Methods  Fiber Processing Concerns

15. References  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile  http://www.cotton.org/pubs/cottoncounts/story/index.cfm  http://www.asianartmall.com/silkarticle.htm  http://www.teonline.com/fiber-history.html  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch06/final/c06s09.pdf#search=%22synt hetic%20fiber%20production%22  http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_textiles_WB/$ FILE/textile_PPAH.pdf#search=%22textile%20production%22  http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/pages/Textiles/Nanofiber%20Nonwovens.htm  http://www.inda.org/subscrip/inj04_3/p17-23-tsai.pdf  http://www.nonwovens-industry.com/research/gneuss--spunbond- manufacture.pdf#search=%22meltblown%20process%22