1. SSCG1 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the political philosophies that shaped the development of United States constitutional government.
a. Analyze key ideas of limited government and the rule of law as seen in the Magna Carta, the Petition of Rights, and the English Bill of Rights.
b. Analyze the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of Laws) as they affect our concept of government.

2. Essential Features of a State
Population - people
Territory - established boundaries
Sovereignty - absolute authority within its boundaries (threatened by globalization today)
Government - institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces decisions that are binding on all people living within the state

3. Purposes of Government
Maintain social order
Laws, courts, police
Provide public services
Roads, schools, programs
Provide national security
Military
Make economic decisions
What, how much, for whom

4. 3 Values Pursued by Government
Freedom
Freedom of : absence of constraints on behavior
Freedom from: Fight against exploitation and oppression; equality

5. Values Pursued by Government
2. Order
Preserving life and protecting property
Preserving social order
Police power –authority to safeguard residents’ safety, health, welfare, and morals

6. Values Pursued by Government
Equality
Political equality: one person, one vote
Social equality: wealth, education, and status
Equality of opportunity: each person has the same chance to succeed
Equality of outcome: society must ensure people are equal socially and economically
Government-supported rights

7. Models of Democratic Government Majoritarian Democracy
Type of democracy interpreted as government by the majority of the people.
Pluralist Democracy
Type of democracy interpreted as government by the people operating through competing interest groups.

8. Liberals and Conservatives: The Narrow Middle
Favor more government spending, programs and regulation
Conservatives
Favor less government spending, programs and regulation

9. American Political Ideologies
Liberals
Favor freedom and equality over order
Conservatives
Favor freedom and order over equality
Libertarians
Favor freedom over order or equality
Communitarians
Favor order and equality over freedom

10. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning
Ideologies: A Two-Dimensional Framework
Figure 1.2: Ideologies: A Two-Dimensional Framework
The four ideological types are defined by the values they favor in resolving the two major dilemmas of government: how much freedom should be sacrificed in pursuit of order and equality, respectively. Test yourself by thinking about the values that are most important to you. Which box in the figure best represents your combination of values?
Source: © Cengage Learning.
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning

11. a. Analyze key ideas of limited government and the rule of law as seen in the Magna Carta, the Petition of Rights, and the English Bill of Rights.

12. What is Limited Government?
A system of power in which the power of the government is not absolute.

13. What is rule of law?
The principle that all people and  institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly  applied and enforced.
Including the king

14. Where do the ideas of limited government and the rule of law come from?
3 English Documents
Magna Carta (1215)
Petition of Right (1628)
English Bill of Rights (1689)

15. Magna Carta (1215) Nobles forced King John to sign
Provided the basis for limited gov’t
Only applied to nobles
Certain basic rights may not be denied by government
Representatives of the people should take part in government

16. Petition of Right (1628) Signed by King Charles I
Monarch could no longer:
Collect taxes without Parliament consent
Imprison people without just cause
House troops in private homes without owner permission
Declare martial law except in times of war

17. English Bill of Rights (1689)
Accepted by William III and Mary II
Established a constitutional monarchy and set clear limits on what king could do:
It established Parliamentary supremacy
It established a balance of powers between the executive and legislative branches

18. Our English Heritage Rule of Law – not even the ruler is above the law
Representative Government – people should have a voice in government
Limited Government – citizens have basic rights that are protected by law

19. b. Analyze the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of Laws) as they affect our concept of government.

20. Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes - one of the first to theorize on the social contract.
Social contract - people gave up to the state the power needed to maintain order and state agreed to protect the citizens.
He wrote the book Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of social contract theories.

21. John Locke John Locke took social contract a step further.
People were born with natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
People give power to a governing authority. When government failed to preserve the rights of the people, the people had the right to break the contract.
He influenced the American Declaration of Independence.

22. John Locke
People need government to keep social order because they have not figured out a way to live in groups without conflict.
The Second Treatise outlines a theory of political or civil society based on natural rights and contract theory.

23. Baron de Montesquieu
The Spirit of Laws was published anonymously by Montesquieu.
Montesquieu stressed the separation of powers, three branches of gov’t, and the rule of law.
Many of his ideas are in our Constitution.

24. SSCG19 The student will compare and contrast governments that are unitary, confederal, and federal; autocratic, oligarchic and democratic; and presidential and parliamentary.

25. 3 Government Systems
Unitary system – all key powers given to national gov’t
Federal system – powers shared between state and national gov’t
Confederacy – loose union of independent states

26. Major Types of Government (Aristotle)
Autocracy
Power to rule in the hands of a single individual
Two forms of autocracy:
Dictatorship
monarchy

27. Gov’t in which a small group holds power
Oligarchy
Gov’t in which a small group holds power
Power comes from wealth, military power, social position, or religion
China has this

28. Democracy Rule by the people Two forms
direct democracy – people rule themselves by voting on issues individually
representative democracy – people elect representatives to make laws and run gov’t
USA has this

29. Two Types of Democracy Parliamentary Presidential
Legislative and executive powers both belong to an elected legislature
Legislature chooses the cabinet and head executive
Presidential
Executive branch independent of the legislative branch
President heads executive branch and chooses his cabinet

31. 3 Economic Systems in World
Capitalism
Free choice or free enterprise
Developed by Adam Smith
Economic decisions are made buy buyers (consumers) and sellers (producers)
USA actually has a mixed-market economy

32. Socialism
Government owns the basic means of production, determines the use of resources, distributes products and wages, and provides social services.

33. Central government directs all major economic decisions
Communism
Central government directs all major economic decisions
Developed by Karl Marx
Believed one class would evolve where property belonged to everyone and no government would be needed