1. Beginning C++ Through Game Programming, Second Edition
by Michael Dawson

2. Types, Variables, and Standard I/O: Lost Fortune
Chapter 1
Types, Variables, and Standard I/O: Lost Fortune

3. Objectives Display output in a console window
Perform arithmetic computations
Use variables to store, manipulate, and retrieve data
Get user input
Work with constants and enumerations

4. Using C++ for Games Fast—built for speed
Flexible—supports multiple paradigms
Well-supported—many APIs and libraries

5. Creating an Executable File

6. Creating an Executable File
1. Editor to write the C++ source code
2. Compiler to compile source into object file
3. Linker to link the object file with external files, creating executable

7. Dealing with Errors Compile errors—no object file is produced
Link errors—reference to external file can’t be found
Run-time errors—occur when the executable is run
Crash program
Logical error

8. A First C++ Program // Game Over // A first C++ program
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Game Over!" << std::endl;
return 0; }

9. Elements of First C++ Program
Comments and whitespace—for humans
Header files—iostream
main() function—starting point
Standard output—std::cout
Returning a value—return 0;

10. std Namespace Namespace—like a an area code using directive
using namespace std;
Don't have to prefix any elements with std::
All elements in the std namespace become "local"
using declarations
using std::cout;
Don't have to prefix specified elements with std::
Declare exactly which elements become "local"

11. Arithmetic Operators Like a calculator Rounding for floating point
Integer division always yield integers
7 + 3 = 10
7 - 3 = 4
7 * 3 = 21
7 / 3 = 2
7.0 / 3.0 =
7 % 3 = 1
7 + 3 * 5 = 22
(7 + 3) * 5 = 50

12. Variables Represent piece of memory
Store, retrieve, and manipulate data
Example—keep track of a player’s score

13. Fundamental Types
Values are compiler-dependent

14. Declaring Variables
Set aside memory
int score;
int health, bonus;

15. Assigning Values to Variables
Assignment statement—expression stored in variable
score = 0;
Initializing variables—assign value when declared
int score = 0;
Initialize new variable whenever possible

16. Naming Variables: Rules
An identifier can contain only numbers, letters, and underscores
An identifier can’t start with a number
An identifier can’t be a C++ keyword

17. Naming Variables: Guidelines
Choose descriptive names
Be consistent
Follow the traditions of the language
Keep the length in check
Good names lead to self-documenting code

18. Using cout and cin
Display variable values by sending variables to cout
cout << score;
Get user input and store values in variables with cin
cin >> score;

19. Arithmetic Operations with Variables
Altering the value of a variable
score = score + 100;
Combined assignment operators
score += 100;
Increment and decrement operators
Prefix increment operator
++lives;
Postfix increment operator
lives++;

20. Combined Assignment Operators

21. Integer Wrap-Around
score = ;
++score;

22. Constants An unchangeable value you name const int ALIEN_POINTS = 150;
Make programs clearer
Make changes easy

23. Enumerations A set of unsigned int constants, called enumerators
enum difficulty {NOVICE, EASY, NORMAL, HARD, UNBEATABLE};
Enumerators increase by 1 in sequence
By default, enumerators begin at 0
But they can assign literal integer values
enum ship {FIGHTER = 25, BOMBER, CRUISER = 50, DESTROYER = 100};

24. Summary
C++ is a fast, high-level language that is the game industry standard
A C++ program is a series of C++ statements
The standard library is a set of files that you can include in your program files to handle basic functions
A function is a group of programming code that can do some work and return a value
Every program must contain a main() function, which is the starting point of the program

25. Summary (cont.)
iostream, which is part of the standard library, is a file that contains code to help with standard input and output
The std namespace includes facilities from the standard library
To access an element from the namespace, you need to prefix the element with std:: or employ using
cout is an object, defined in the file iostream, that’s used to send data to the standard output stream (generally the computer screen)
cin is an object, defined in the file iostream, that’s used to get data from the standard input stream (generally the keyboard)

26. Summary (cont.)
C++ has built-in arithmetic operators, such as the familiar addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operators, and even the unfamiliar modulus
C++ defines fundamental types for Boolean, single-character, integer, and floating-point values
The C++ standard library provides a type of object (string) for strings
You can use typedef to create a new name for an existing type
A constant is a name for an unchangeable value
An enumeration is a sequence of unsigned int constants