1. Basic Elements of C++
Chapter 1

2. Chapter Topics The Basics of a C++ Program Data Types
Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
Expressions
Input
Increment and Decrement Operators
Output
Preprocessor Directives
Program Style and Form
More on Assignment Statements

3. The Basics of a C++ Program
A C++ program is a collection of one or more subprograms (functions)
Function
Collection of statements
Statements accomplish a task
Every C++ program has a function called main

4. Welcome to C++ Programming
Example Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout<<"Welcome to C++ Programming"<<endl;
return 0; }
Welcome to C++ Programming
Program Output

5. The Basics of a C++ Program
Programming language
a set of rules, symbols, special words
Rules
syntax – specifies legal instructions
Symbols
special symbols ( * ! … )
Word symbols
reserved words
(int, float, double, char …)

6. Identifiers Rules for identifiers Evaluate the following
must begin with letter or the underscore _
followed by any combination of numerals or letters
recommend meaningful identifiers
Evaluate the following
ElectricCharge
23Skidoo
snarFbLat

7. Data Types Definition: a set of values
combined with a set of operations

8. Data Types Simple data types include Integer data types include
Integers
Floating point
Enumeration
Integer data types include
char
short
int
long
bool
Numerals, symbols, letters
Numbers without decimals
Values true and false only

9. Floating-Point Types Stored using scientific notation
the sign of the number,
the significant digits of the number
the sign of the power of 10
the power of 10

10. Data Types Different floating- point types
Note that various types will
have different ranges of values
require different amounts of memory

11. Data Types The string Type A string is a sequence of characters
a programmer-defined type
requires #include <string>
A string is a sequence of characters
"Hi Mom"
"We're Number 1!"
"75607"

12. Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
Common operators for calculations * / %
Precedence same as in algebraic usage
Inside parentheses done first
Next * / % from left to right
Then + and - from left to right
Note operator precedence chart, page 1035

13. Expressions An expression includes constants variables function calls
combined with operators 3 / sin(x) + sqrt(y)

14. Expressions Expressions can include
values all of the same type * 12 – 7
values of different (compatible) types 1.23 * 18 / 9.5
An operation is evaluated according to the types of the operands
if they are the same, the result is the type of the operands
if the operands are different (int and float) then the result is float

15. Type Casting Implicit change of type can occur
when operands are of different type
It is possible to explicitly specify that an expression be converted to a different type static_cast < type > (expression) static_cast <int> (3.5 * 6.9 / x)

16. Input Storing data in the computer's memory requires two steps
Allocate the memory by declaring a variable
Have the program fetch a value from the input device and place it in the allocated memory location
cin >> x
123 x

17. Note optional initialization of the variable
Allocating Memory
Variable
A memory location whose content may change during program execution
Declaration:
Syntax: type identifier;
Example: double x; int y = 45;
Note optional initialization of the variable

18. Note required initialization of the named constant
Allocating Memory
Named Constant
A memory location whose content cannot be changed
Declaration
Syntax: const type identifier = value;
Example const double PI = ;
Note required initialization of the named constant

19. Putting Data Into Variables
At initialization time
Assignment statement
Syntax: variable = expression;
Example x = 1.234; volume = sqr (base) * height;
Input (read) statement
Syntax: cin >> variable ;
Example cin >> height;
Program Example

20. Increment and Decrement Operators
Pre-increment x; equivalent to x = x + 1;
Pre-decrement --x;
Changes the value before execution of a statement y = ++x;
Post-increment intVal++;
Post-decrement intVal--;
Changes the value after execution of the statement y = x++;

21. Manipulator for carriage return
Output
Values sent to an output device
Usually the screen
Can also be a file or some device
Syntax for screen output: cout << expression << …
Example cout << "The total is "<< sum << endl;
Insertion operator
Manipulator for carriage return
Output command
Values to be printed
Sample Program

22. Output Escape sequences also used to manipulate output
cout << "The total is\t "<< sum << endl;

23. Preprocessor Directives
Commands supplied to the preprocessor
Runs before the compiler
Modifies the text of the source code before the compiler starts
Syntax
start with # symbol
#include <headerFileName>
Example #include <iostream>

24. Preprocessor Directives
Note the preprocessor step in the sequence

25. Namespace
The #include <iostream> command is where cin and cout are declared
They are declared within a namespace called std
When we specify using namespace std;
Then we need not preface the cin and cout commands with std::cin and std::cout

26. Program Style and Form
Every program must contain a function called main int main (void) { … }
The int specifies that it returns an integer value
The void specifies there will be no arguments
Also can say void main( ) { … }

27. Program Style and Form Variables usually declared
inside main
at beginning of program
Use blanks and space to make the program easy for humans to read
Semicolons ; required to end a statement
Commas used to separate things in a list

28. Program Style and Form Documentation
Comments specified between /* this is a comment */ and following // also a comment
Always put at beginning of program /* name, date, cpo, purpose of program */

29. Program Style and Form
Names of identifiers should help document program double electricCharge; // instead of ec
Prompt keyboard entry cout << "Enter the value for x -> "; cin >> x;

30. Example 1 #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) {
int numberOfLanguages;
cout << "Hello reader.\n"
<< "Welcome to C++.\n";
cout << "How many programming languages have you used? ";
cin >> numberOfLanguages;
if (numberOfLanguages < 1)
cout << "Read the preface. You may prefer\n"
<< "a more elementary book by the same author.\n";
else
cout << "Enjoy the book.\n";
system("pause");
return 0; }

31. Example 2 #include <iostream> // Required for cout, endl.
#include <cmath> // Required for sqrt()
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Declare and initialize objects.
double x1(1), y1(5), x2(4), y2(7),
side1, side2, distance;
// Compute sides of a right triangle.
side1 = x2 - x1;
side2 = y2 - y1;
distance = sqrt(side1*side1 + side2*side2);
// Print distance.
cout << "The distance between the two points is "
<< distance << endl;
// Exit program.
system("pause");
return 0; }

32. // my first program in C++
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Hello World!"; }

33. // my second program in C++ #include <iostream> int main () {
std::cout << "Hello World! ";
std::cout << "I'm a C++ program"; }
In one line
int main () { std::cout << " Hello World! "; std::cout << " I'm a C++ program "; }

34. Comments Comments 1 2 // line comment /* block comment */
As noted above, comments do not affect the operation of the program; however, they provide an important
tool to document directly within the source code what the program does and how it operates. C++ supports two ways of commenting code:
1 2
// line comment
/* block comment */

35. /* my second program in C++
with more comments */
#include <iostream>
int main () {
std::cout << "Hello World! "; // prints Hello World!
std::cout << "I'm a C++ program"; // prints I'm a C++ program }

36. Using namespace std Using namespace std
If you have seen C++ code before, you may have seen cout being used instead of std::cout. Both name the same object: the first one uses its unqualified name (cout), while the second qualifies it directly within the namespace std (as std::cout).
cout is part of the standard library, and all the elements in the standard C++ library are declared within what is a called a namespace: the namespace std.
In order to refer to the elements in the std namespace a program shall either qualify each and every use of elements of the library (as we have done by prefixing cout with std::), or introduce visibility of its components. The most typical way to introduce visibility of these components is by means of using declarations:
using namespace std

37. // my second program in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
cout << "Hello World! ";
cout << "I'm a C++ program"; }

38. Variables and types
The usefulness of the "Hello World" programs shown in the previous chapter is rather questionable. We had to write several lines of code, compile them, and then execute the resulting program, just to obtain the result of a simple sentence written on the screen. It certainly would have been much faster to type the output sentence ourselves.
However, programming is not limited only to printing simple texts on the screen. In order to go a little further on and to become able to write programs that perform useful tasks that really save us work, we need to introduce the concept of variable.
Let's imagine that I ask you to remember the number 5, and then I ask you to also memorize the number 2 at the same time. You have just stored two different values in your memory (5 and 2). Now, if I ask you to add 1 to the first number I said, you should be retaining the numbers 6 (that is 5+1) and 2 in your memory. Then we could, for example, subtract these values and obtain 4 as result.
The whole process described above is a simile of what a computer can do with two variables. The same process can be expressed in C++ with the following set of statements:
a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a - b;

39. a = 5;
b = 2;
a = a + 1;
result = a - b;

40. #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a;
int b;
cout<<"Enter first number:\n";
cin >> a;
cout <<"Enter the second number:\n";
cin>> b;
cin.ignore();
int result = a + b;
cout<<"Result is"<<" "<<result<<endl;
cin.get();
return 0; }

41. #include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main () {
string s;
cout << "jhun \n" ;
cin >> s;
cout << "Hello, " << s << '\n' ;
return 0; // this return statement isn't necessary }

42. #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;
return 0; } */
#include <cmath>
int x = 0;
while(x < 10) {
double y = sqrt((double)x);
cout << "The square root of " << x << " is " << y << endl;
x++;