1. Gregorian Calendar
Pope Gregory XIII

2. (October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Gregorian Calendar
Pope Gregory XIII
Ten days dropped from October
(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Modification 1

3. (October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Gregorian Calendar
Pope Gregory XIII
Ten days dropped from October
(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Modification 2

4. (October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Gregorian Calendar
Pope Gregory XIII
Ten days dropped from October
(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds

5. Gregorian Calendar
Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted Gregorian calendar immediately

6. Even France….But there was a problem
In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1

7. Even France….But there was a problem
In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1
The April 1 gift exchange

8. Even France….But there was a problem
In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1.
The April 1 gift exchange
When the Gregorian Calendar was accepted…many refused to honor it

9. and…
Jokers made fun of these people by sending frivolous gifts and invitations to non-existent parties

10. and…
Jokers made fun of these people by sending frivolous gifts and invitations to non-existent parties
April Fool!

11. (October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Gregorian Calendar
Pope Gregory XIII
Ten days dropped from October
(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds
Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted Gregorian calendar immediately
German states adopt by 1700

12. (October 5, 1582 became October 15)
Gregorian Calendar
Quesion -
Which Major European
Country Would Not
Take Orders from the Vatican?
Pope Gregory XIII
Ten days dropped from October
(October 5, 1582 became October 15)
February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400
Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds
Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted Gregorian calendar immediately
German states adopt by 1700

13. In 1640, when the first calendar was published for the public.....
Everyone knew that its days were numbered.

14. So why does George Washington have three birthdays?

15. George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays
And a Third One

16. George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays Gregorian Modification 1
And a Third One
Ten Days Dropped
Gregorian Modification 1 21

17. George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays
And a Third One
Ten Days Dropped
Gregorian Modification 1
One more day
Gregorian Modification 2

18. Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns

19. And how about the North Korean Calendar?
Use a variant of the Gregorian Calendar with a Juche (self-reliance) year based on 1912
the birth date of Kim Il-sung as year 1
Calendar introduced in 1997 by Kim Jong-il

20. In Islam, portions of 2008 are 1429 A.H.

21. French Revolution Political of Religious Concerns?
French invented a new Revolutionary calendar
October 1793 but was made effective on September 22, 1793 (both the autumnal equinox and the anniversary of the Revolution)
Political of Religious Concerns?

22. And…12 months and 30 days each…
it was divided into 12 months of 30 days
Vendémiaire (vintage month)
Brumaire (fog)
Frimaire (sleet)
Nivôse (snow)
Pluviôse (rain)
Ventôse (wind)
Germinal (seed)
Floréal (blossom)
Prairial (pasture)
Messidor (harvest)
Thermidor (heat)
Fructidor (fruit)
The remaining five days, called sans-culottides, were feast days
There was no week; each month was divided into three decades of ten days each, with every 10th day (décadi) a day of rest.

23. Now the Brits…
Mocked the French calendar calling the months Wheezy, Sneezy, and Freezy; Slippy, Drippy and Nippy; Showery, Flowery and Bowery; Wheaty, Heaty and Sweety

24. Oh yeah…
Each day was divided into ten hours; each hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds
Clocks were manufactured to display decimal time
Didn’t catch on – abandoned in 1795 although some were in use as late as 1801

25. But…
…instead of getting one day off every seven to pray in church, the peasants were miffed that they got only one day off in ten to attend a “temple of reason”

26. As a result…
Sunday (the Sabbath) was reintroduced effective Easter, April 18, 1802
Napoleon finally abolished the calendar in 1806
The good news is that the decimal system remained!

27. Jigsaw II and Calendars Generalization: Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns.
Expert Teams focus on how the generalization holds or does not hold in the Hebrew Calendar
• Lunar calendar
Islamic Calendar Months (Tishri, Nisan ...)
• Portions of 2001/2002 are • Day of Atonement ...
1422 A.H. (Anno Hegirae) Dating of Year 1
• Ramadan…Eid, Haj…
• Lunar calendar...
Mayan Calendar
• Two kinds of calendars – Chinese Calendar
a sacred one of 260 days • Emperor Huang-Ti invents
and another • Naming of year - year of the ox, ...
a solar calendar • Chinese new year ...
• Lucky and unlucky days ...
Home
Teams

28. Lecturing is not always appropriate

29. The case for…and against
Against Discovery
1. Takes too much time
2. Kids can’t learn as much
3. They can’t discover everything
4. What if they discover a wrong answer?
For Discovery
1. Kids better remember and transfer
2. More and better interest
3. Kids learn to discover
Heuristics

30. Direct (Expository) Teaching
When to Use….
Direct (Expository) Teaching
• When time is limited
• When there are no readily available or easily understood materials
Indirect Teaching
• When time is available for discovery and higher-order thinking
• When there is an abundance of understandable materials

31. The Lecture Method is Appropriate When…
The objective is to present information
Information is not available in accessible sources
A particular organization is required
You want to arouse interest
An introduction must be made
The information is original or must be integrated from different sources
A summary or synthesis is required
Alternative points or clarification are required
Supplementary explanations are needed
(after Good and Brophy, 1999; Gage and Berliner, 1992; Henson, 1988)

32. Ausubel Model Characteristics
Interactive Deductive Sequential
Uses Examples Present Present
Advance Subordinate
Organizer Content
Differentiate Ask for Reconcile
Subordinate or provide Differentiated
Material examples of Material
subordinate
concepts or
generalizations