1. Ramifications of Charlotte Regional Growth and Weekday Activities on Primary and Secondary Emissions Jenny L. Perry and Patrick M. Owens Department of Chemistry Winthrop University

2. Objectives Show Charlotte regional growth by traffic volumes Characterize trends in NO y, CO, and Ozone monitoring data Understand how daily traffic fluctuations affect pollutant levels

3. Approach Taken Characterize daily traffic patterns and growth using available traffic data Examine daily and long-term trends in primary pollutants NO y and CO; relate traffic patterns to primary pollutants Assess emission patterns from power plants Evaluate changes in Ozone concentrations; compare the long-term ozone trend to traffic growth, precursor trends, & temperature

4. Traffic, Monitor, and Power Plant Sites

5. Traffic Sites

6. I-77 Traffic Volume vs Time of Day (June-August 1990-1997) 0 2000 4000 6000 Time of Day (Hour) SundayMondayTuesdayWednesday ThursdayFridaySaturday

7. Fluctuations of Average Traffic Volume (All Sites) 0.25 0.45 0.65 0.85 1.05 1.25 SMTWRFSA Day of Week 7-8 AM 5-6 PM Daily

8. Average Daily Traffic Volume vs Year (South Blvd: May-Sept., I-77: June-August) 15000 25000 35000 45000 55000 65000 75000 19901991199219931994199519961997 Year South Blvd I-77

9. I-77 Average Traffic Volume vs Year (June-August) 1000 1750 2500 3250 4000 4750 5500 19901991199219931994199519961997 Year Hourly 7-8 AM 5-6 PM

10. South Blvd Average Traffic Volume vs Year (May-September) 750 1250 1750 2250 2750 3250 3750 19901991199219931994199519961997 Year Hourly 7-8 AM 5-6 PM

13. Average 7-8 Am CO Concentrations vs Year (May-September 1993-1998) 375 425 475 525 575 625 675 725 775 199319941995199619971998 Year County Line Plaza

14. Average 7-8 AM NO y Concentrations vs Year (May-September 1995-1998) 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1995199619971998 Year County Line Plaza

15. Regional NO x Sources 1997 Gaston County Power Plant Emissions – 12,930 tons (Allen) – 3,780 tons (Riverbend) 1996 Mecklenburg County Emissions – 17,295 tons (mobile sources) – 687 tons (stationary sources)

16. Allen Average NO x Emissions vs Time of Day (May-September 1997-1998) 0.38 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 1357911131517192123 Time of Day SundayMondayTuesdayWednesday ThursdayFridaySaturday

17. Allen Plant CO 2 Emissions vs Time of Day (May-September 1997-1998) 90 140 190 240 1357911131517192123 Time of Day SundayMondayTuesdayWednesday ThursdayFridaySaturday

18. Fluctuations in Average 7-8 AM CO 2 and NO x (Allen and Riverbend Plants, May-Sept. 1997-1998) 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 SMT-FSA Day of Week CEM CO 2 CEM NO x

19. Daily Fluctuations of 7-8 AM CO, NO y and Traffic (All Monitors) 0.32 0.42 0.52 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.92 1.02 1.12 1.22 SMT-FSA Day of Week No y CO Traffic

20. Daily Fluctuations in Average 1-hr Max O3 (May-Sept. 1990-1998) 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.05 SMT-FSA Day of Week County Line Arrowwood Plaza

21. Daily Fluctuations in O 3 by Average Max 8hr (May-September 1990-1998) 0.96 0.98 1 1.02 1.04 SMT-FSA Day of Week County Line Arrowwood Plaza

24. Average May-Sept. High Daily Temperatures 85.6 82.1 87.5 83.5 83.1 83.6 86.8 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 199019911992199319941995199619971998

25. Monthly Maximum Temperatures 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 MayJunJulAugSep 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1995

26. July Max Avg Temp and 8 hr O 3 Levels 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 199019911992199319941995199619971998 85 90 95 100 Max 8Hr OzoneMax Daily Temp

27. August Max Avg Temp and 8 hr O 3 Levels 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 199019911992199319941995199619971998 82 87 92 Max 8Hr OzoneMax Daily Temp

30. Changes in May-Sept Average Daily Maximum 8 Hr Ozone Level

32. Holiday Fluctuations in 1hr Max O 3, & 7-8 AM CO, NO y & Traffic (Labor and Memorial Day, F-R Week, All Monitors, 17 Weeks of O 3 Data) 0.15 0.35 0.55 0.75 0.95 1.15 1.35 1.55 SMTWRFSA Day of Week O3O3 CO NOy Traffic

34. Conclusions Weekend traffic reductions correlate with NO y and to a lesser extent with CO Weekend traffic reduction appears to have little immediate effect on Ozone levels; there seems to be a small cumulative effect from current and previous days’ activities Power production emulates traffic pattern; NO x power plant emissions vary little within each week

35. Conclusions Average May-Sept daily 7-8 AM NO y and 7-8 AM CO levels in the region appear to be on the rise Average daily maximum Ozone readings at all three monitoring sites in Mecklenburg County have been rising since 1994 Long-term trends in ozone are influenced by temperature

36. Acknowledgements North Carolina Division of Air Quality (Steve Few, Brian Timin) City of Charlotte Department of Transportation (Charles Able) South Carolina Department of Transportation (Joe Boozer)

37. Additional Supporting O 3 and Temperature Graphs O 3 and temperature graphs for the months of May, June and September follow. The months of July and August are depicted in the presentation.

38. May Max Avg Temp and 8 hr O 3 Levels 0.05 0.06 0.07 199019911992199319941995199619971998 73 78 83 88 Max 8Hr OzoneMax Daily Temp

39. June Max Avg Temp and 8 hr O 3 Levels 0.045 0.055 0.065 0.075 199019911992199319941995199619971998 76 81 86 91 96 Max 8Hr OzoneMax Daily Temp

40. September Max Avg Temp and 8 hr O 3 Levels 0.035 0.045 0.055 0.065 0.075 199019911992199319941995199619971998 76 81 86 Max 8Hr OzoneMax Daily Temp