1. Democracy What is and where is it going?

2. Democracy Community offers us security and fraternity but often imposes demands of conformity and responsibility. Heterogeneous plural societies offer considerable autonomy to individuals but do so at the price of “alientation’ or loneliness.” Is it possible to combine the best features of community and plural society? How do we all get along?

3. What is democracy? Elections Essential characteristics Freedom Popular sovereignty Liberal democracy System of government in which the people rule themselves, either directly or indirectly (through chosen officials), but in either case subject to constitutional restraints on the power of the majority. Representative democracy

4. Descriptions of Democracy Who gets to play Dahl: degree of contestation of political power and extent of popular participation in such contestation Polyarchy How they get to play? Lijphart: Marjoritarian and consensus democracies How democracy is done?

5. Lipjhart: Majoritarian-Consensual Institutional VariableMajoritarianConsensus Executive powerSingle party majorityMultiparty coalitions Executive-legislative relationship Executive dominanceBalance of power Party systemTwo-partyMulti-party Electoral systemMajority or pluralityPR Interest group systempluralistcorporatist Levels of gov’tunitaryfederalism Legislative chambersUnicameralBicameral Constitutional amendment By simple majorityBy special majority Judicial reviewnoyes

6. De Tocquevillian FormalSubstantive Rule of law Inclusive citizenship Elected power holders Free and Fair elections Freedom of Expression and alternative sources Associational Autonomy Civilian Control of Security Forces Separation of Power Legitimized public authority. Acceptance of limitations of power Rights based culture Participatory culture Strong civil society Support for dissenting opinions and free speech.

7. Colin Hay 1.Politics as any and all social interaction occurring within a sphere of government 2.Politics as government, where government is understood as a formal decision-making process the outcomes of which are binding upon members of the community in question 3.Politics as a public and formal set of processes and rituals through which the citizens of a state may participate, often at arm’s length, in the process of government. 4.Politics as the noble art of preserving a community of citizens (the republic) through the construction, pursuit and defence of the common or public interest. 5.Politics as the art of stabilizing and insulating the power and authority of those with access to and control over public institutions through the use of the resources that they thereby possess. 6.Politics as a process of public deliberation and scrutiny of matters of collective concern or interest to a community.

8. Hay (con’t) 7.Politics as a process for holding to account those charged with responsibility for collective decision making within the community. 8.Politics as a perverse set of influences upon society, associated with deception, duplicity and the promotion in the name of the collective good of singular or sectional interests. 9.Politics as a descriptive noun for a range of collective and public, yet informal and extra-govenmental/parliamentary, activities designated to draw attention to issues of contention. 10.Politics as concerned with the distribution, exercise and consequences of power. 11.‘Political’ as an adjective to describe the motivation of participants and non-participants in a range of both formal and informal, public and private, processes – where such motivations are political to the extent to which they reflect or express a view as to the legitimacy of the process. 12.‘Political’ as an adjective to describe the motivations of participants in matters of public governance or social interaction – where such motivations are political to the extent to which they reflect or express the narrow self-interest of the participant.

9. Hay’s definition of politics Politics is the capacity for agency and deliberation in situations of genuine collective or social choice. (pg. 77)

10. Politicization/Depoliticization Politicization Read Mansbridge!!! Depoliticization Down-loading public policy to the public non-governmental sphere Privatization Uploading to the transnational sphere Issues as consumer choices Disavowal of a capacity deliberation. Making issues non- negotiable »Defining something a religious issues »Fatalism – pessimistic and opptimistic The lose of public civic space