1. Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon
Presented by J. W. Ha

2. Contents Main Points Introduction Dimension of Word Knowledge
Organization of the Internal Lexicon
Lexical Access

3. Main Points Know a word A word’s meaning Internal Lexicon
Know its phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic
attribute
A word’s meaning
Sense : relationships with other words
Reference : relationships between a word and an object or an event
Internal Lexicon
The organization of word knowledge in permanent memory
Representation with semantic networks
Lexical Access
Word knowledge activation
Influenced by the frequency, attributes, ambiguity, and so on

4. Introduction Word guessing game Word information Internal Lexicon
How is the game performed?
Word information
Retrieving process
Store process
Internal Lexicon
The representation of words in permanent memory
Lexical Access
The process by which we activate words’ meanings

5. Dimension of Word Knowledge
Phonological Knowledge
Syntactic Knowledge
Morphological Knowledge
Semantic Knowledge

6. Phonological / Syntactic Knowledge
Phonological Knowledge
Phonological attributes
Pronunciation
Homophones : bear / bare
Tip-of-the-Tongue(TOT) phenomenon
Not successful at retrieving a particular word
But remember something about how it sounds
Syntactic Knowledge
Category
A part of speech
The aging pianist stunned the audience
Grammatical rules
Open-class(Content) words / Close-class(Functional) words

7. Morphological Knowledge
How many words do we know?
Distinction
React / Reaction / Reactive / Reacting
Morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
Express grammatical contrasts
-s(pl), -ed(past)
Derivational morphemes
Create new words
-ion(noun)
Order
Derivational > Inflectional
Neighborhoods

8. Semantic Knowledge [1/4]
Meaning of Words
Sense and reference
Denotation and connotation
Reference
The relationship between words and things in the world
Referent : a thing
Determine the truth condition of a sentence
“There is a brown cow grazing in the field”
Abstract, Not existent
Mental Model

9. Semantic Knowledge [2/4]
Sense
Word’s place in a system of relationship which it contracts with other words in the vocabulary
Relation : Synonymy, Coordination, Hypernymy, Meronymy
Synonymy : same meaning (fear / panic)
Coordination : same level in a hierarchy (cat, dog / animal)
Hypernymy
The relationship of superordination within a hierarchy
Bird : hypernym / Sparrow : hyponym
Meronymy
A part of an object
Back, legs / chair

10. Semantic Knowledge [3/4]
Sense
Word association test
Kent and Rosanoff (1910)
Read aloud a list of words to a person who gave “the first word that occurs to him/her other than stimulus word itself
Chair result
Table > seat > sit > furniture > sitting > wood > rest > ….
Semantic Relations
Taxonomic relations : furniture, table
Attribute relations : seat, cushion, legs
Functional relations : comfortable, wooden, hard

11. Semantic Knowledge [4/4]
Denotation and Connotation
Denotation
The objective and dictionary meaning
Phonological information (pronunciation)
Orthographic information (spelling)
Semantic information (various meanings)
Connotation
Certain aspects of meaning beyond explicit descrpitions
Bachelor and spinster

12. Organization of the internal Lexicon
The Concept of a Semantic Network
Hierarchical Network Models
Spreading Activation Models

13. Concept of a Semantic Network
Main idea regarding the organization of the lexicon
The network based on relations makes a good deal of sense
Neuro and brain scientific perspectives

14. Hierarchical Network Models[1/4]
Collins and Quillian(1969, 1970, 1972)
Taxonomic and Attributive relation
Taxonomy : hyponymy, hypernymy, coordination
Attributes
Has skin
Can move around
Animal
Eats
Breaths
Has fins
Has wings
Bird
Can swim
Can fly
Fish
Has gills
Has feathers
Can sing
Salmon
Canary
Ostrich
Shark
Is yellow

15. Hierarchical Network Models[2/4]
How attributes and properties are stored in the lexicon
Inference
Aristotle was not blinded by the incident
The rock was not blinded by the incident
Inferred information from what information we do have stored in mental lexicon
Cognitive Economy
The space available for the storage if semantic information was limited, so that it would be beneficial to store information only in one place in the network
Only at the highest possible node

16. Hierarchical Network Models[3/4]
Semantic verification task
Determine that “A is a B” is true / false
Measure a decision time  distance
Intersection search
A bird is an animal
We continue to search for relevant information until the two items in the sentence intersect
Category-size Effect
Verification time
In “A is a B”, the higher B, the longer the reaction times
A canary is a bird < A canary is a animal
Typicality Effect
Similarity reduces verification times for true and increases for false
A robin is a bird < An ostrich is a bird
A whale is a fish > A horse is a fish

17. Hierarchical Network Models[4/4]
Limitation of strict cognitive economy model
Collie, dog, mammal, animal
Repose time of mammalian feature > one of animal feature
Basic-level Terms
Attributes are more likely to be stored at more familiar locations in the network

18. Spreading Activation Models [1/2]
Collins and Loftus(1975)
An alterative of cognitive economy model
Modify the hierarchical assumption
Organization is not strictly hierarchical (web)
Node distance
Structural (taxonomic)
Consideration (typicalty)
Difference of accessbility
Retrieval occurs by a process of spreading activation
Limitation
No phonological, syntactic, and morphological aspects
Model of concept rather than word
Street
Vehicle
Car
Bus
Truck
Ambulance
Fire Engine
Orange
House
Red
Yellow
Fire
Green
Apple
Cherry

19. Spreading Activation Models [2/2]
Bock and Levelt (1994)
Three levels
Conceptual level
Lemma level
Syntactic aspect
Lexeme level
Phonological aspect
Limitation
No referential aspect
Wool
Milk
Animal
Growth
Gives
Is an
Gives
Is an
Conceptual
Level
Sheep
Goat
Sense
Sense
Noun
Gender
Sheep
(mouton)
Goat
(chevre)
Lemma
Level
Male
Sound
Form
Sound
Form
Sip
gout
Lexeme
Level

20. Lexical Access Models of Lexical Access
Variables that Influence Lexical Access
Appraising Models of Lexical Access

21. Models of Lexical Access [1/2]
Search Model
Foster’s autonomous search model
Components
Orthographic properties
Phonetic properties
Descending order of frequency
Assume that lexicon is autonomous and independent
Not directly influenced by syntactic or semantic factors
Revision : parallel components
Logogen Model
Morton
Logogen : specifies the word’s various attributes
Activation (parallel)
Sensory input : orthographic or phonological stimuli
Contextual information : syntactic and semantic structure
Her closest relatives was appointed as her legal guardian
Thresholds

22. Models of Lexical Access [2/2]
Cohort Model
Marslen-Wilson
To account for auditory word recognition
Three stages of spoken word recognition
A set of lexical candidates is activated (word initial cohort)
A member of the cohort is selected for further analysis
Selected lexical item is integrated into the ongoing semantic and syntactic context
Angela misplaced ba…. (bag, bath, bat, …)
Multiple source analysis
The activation levels of different items in the cohort vary as a function of their similarity to the incoming signal
Initial candidate elimination
More phonological information or sentence  narrow, discard

23. Variables that Influence Lexical Access [1/3]
Word Frequency
Major factor
Phoneme monitoring
Foss task
Lexical visual task
word and non-word guessing in high / low frequency word
High frequency < low frequency
Phonological Variables
Stress, intonation pattern
Syntactic Category
Open-class : difference in high / low-frequency words
Close-class : No differnece

24. Variables that Influence Lexical Access [2/3]
Morphological Complexity
Distinguish between affixes of a word and the base
Independent storage of base word and morpheme
Response Time : -ment < -ence < -ion
Semantic Priming
Two phases
Priming stimulus
Target is presented
Bread < nurse in Butter

25. Variables that Influence Lexical Access [3/3]
Lexical Ambiquity
More than one meaning
Significant property of language
Examples
Rapid righting with his uninjured had saved from loss the contents of the capsized canoe. (sound)
The man started to drill before the truck arrived
Contextual bias vs. meaning frequency
The jealous husband read the letter
The antique typewriter was missing a letter

26. Appraising Models of Lexical Models
Word frequency
All model consider
Logogen : threshold
Search Model : descending order
Priming
Cohort Model
Be better positioned to explain the full range of factor
Spoken word recognition