1. Weed Management Options for Hay Producers
Tim Murphy Extension Weed Scientist University of Georgia

2. Weed competition, how serious is it?

3. Common Bermudagrass, Ragweed and Nitrogen
Lbs/bermuda/ac
N = 34 lbs/ac

4. What is the Economic Threshold?
Rule of thumb: When weeds are more than 20% of the hay field (really depends upon weed).
Woolly croton

5. Do I spray or fertilize first?
Spray first.
Control existing weeds.
Begin soil-test based lime and fertilizer program.

6. Is 100% Weed Control Necessary?
Factors to consider
Buyer preference (market value)
Hay baling complications
Forage value of weeds
Toxicity of weed

7. Digestibility of select cool season weeds
Hoveland et al., 1986

8. Digestibility of select warm season weeds
Hoveland et al., 1986

9. Haying and Grazing Restrictions for Dairy Animals (Cattle and Goats)
Lactating
Non-lactating
Herbicide
Grazing
Hay
Metsulfuron
Cimarron Plus
Milestone
Grazon Next 7
Chaparral
Grazon P+D 30
Remedy 14
NS*
Weedmaster 37
2,4-D
*Next season.

10. Haying and Grazing Restrictions for Various Livestock Species
Beef
Horses
Goats
Herbicide
Grazing
Hay
Metsulfuron
Cimarron Plus
Milestone
Grazon Next 7
Chaparral
Grazon P+D 30
Remedy
Weedmaster 37
2,4-D

11. When do you spray?
Winter annuals - henbit, chickweed, buttercups, thistles, ryegrass
November through March
Summer annuals - spiny amaranth, bitter sneezeweed
April through mid-July
Perennials
growth stage dependent

12. Bitter sneezeweed
Not this size
Spray this size

13. Herbicide Options 2,4-D dicamba (Vanquish, Banvel)
2,4-D + dicamba (WeedMaster, others)
dicamba+ diflufenzopyr (Overdrive)
diuron (Direx, Diuron)
triclopyr (Remedy)
imazapic (Impose,Panoramic)
2,4-D + triclopyr (CrossBow)
triclopyr + clopyralid (Redeem)
2,4-D + picloram (Grazon P+D, HiredHand, GunSlinger)
fluroxypyr + picloram (Surmount)
fluroxypyr + triclopyr (PastureGard)

14. Herbicide Options (cont.)
aminopyralid (Milestone)
aminopyralid + 2,4-D (Grazon Next, ForeFront)
aminopyralid + metsulfuron (Chaparral)
nicosulfuron + metsulfuron (Pastora)
metsulfuron (Cimarron, MSM E.Pro, others)
metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron (Cimarron Plus)
chlorsulfuron (Telar)
metsulfuron + 2,4-D + dicamba (Cimarron MAX)
hexazinone (Velpar)
sulfosulfuron (OutRider)
pendimethalin – Prowl H2O
tebuthiuron (Spike)
paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon, Firestorm, Parazone)
glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax, others)

15. Newest Herbicides Milestone – aminopyralid
Grazon Next, ForeFront – aminopyralid + 2,4-D
Chaparral – aminopyralid + metsulfuron
Telar – chlorsulfuron
OutRider - sulfosulfuron
Prowl H2O – pendimethalin
Pastora - nicosulfuron + metsulfuron

16. Milestone 2.0 lbs./gal. aminopyralid
Use rate: 4.0 to 7.0 fl. ozs./acre
Numerous broadleaf weeds – thistles, horsenettle, tropical soda apple, buttercup
Do not seed legumes year of application (additional research being conducted)
Delay application until grasses have 4 to 5 leaves.

17. Milestone Non-volatile Injurious to legumes
No grazing or hay restriction for any type of livestock
Weak on sida species, dogfennel, plantains, blackberry, wild radish, other mustards.
Add 2,4-D or Remedy for weeds above.

18. Grazon Next, ForeFront
0.33 lbs./gal. aminopyralid lbs./gal 2,4-D
Use rate: 1.5 to 2.6 pts./acre
Numerous broadleaf weeds – thistles, horsenettle, buttercup, henbit, plantains, verbena
Do not seed legumes year of application (additional research being conducted)
Delay application until grasses have 4 to 5 leaves.

19. Grazon Next, ForeFront Injurious to legumes
No grazing restriction for any type of livestock.
7 day hay harvest restriction
Better control of plantains and common pokeweed than Milestone

20. Chaparral Bermuda, orchardgrass, tall fescue (up to 2.0 oz/a
Apply to fully tillered or established
Same tall fescue precautions as metsulfuron products (2 yr establishment)

21. Chaparral Rate (oz. product/a) Act. Ingredient 1.5 2.0* 3.0
aminopyralid
0.049
0.066
0.098
metsulfuron
0.009
0.012
0.018
*Chaparral at 2.0 oz./a = 4.0 fl. oz/a of Milestone 2SC oz/a Metsulfuron 60DG

22. Chaparral Non-volatile Injurious to legumes
Do not seed legumes year of application (additional research being conducted)

23. Aminopyralid- It’s Good - BUT!!!!!
Do not
use hay from treated areas for compost or mulch
transfer livestock to untreated areas without
3 d cleanout
use manure for fertilizing broadleaf crops
use in any temporary forage system involving broadleaf crops
USE ONLY ON PERMANENT GRASS FORAGE SYSTEMS

24. Aminopyralid For Milestone, ForeFront, Grazon Next, Chaparral:
Aminopyralid is prohibited from use on hay that will be distributed or made available for sale off the farm where harvested unless allowed by supplemental labeling.
Get aminopyralid stewardship info at:

25. Telar Sulfonylurea Telar controls:
Chlorsulfuron 75.0%
Bahiagrass, bermudagrass to 1.0 oz/a
Tall fescue – 0.25 to 0.5 oz/a
Telar controls:
Blackberry, pigweed(s), wild radish
Many annual broadleaf weeds < 4.0 in. tall
Does not control grass weeds, horsenettle, ragweed, fireweed (southern nettle)
Add nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v
Highly injurious to legumes
No grazing or haying restrictions

26. Grass Control Options - Bermudagrass
Dormant bermuda
Glyphosate – 1.0 pt./acre (4.0 lb./gal.)
Gramoxone Inteon – 1.0 to 2.0 pts./acre
Active Growth Bermuda
‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass – Cimarron, Chaparral, Impose
Smutgrass – Velpar
Annual grasses
Roundup PowerMax, after first hay cut
Impose (imazapic)
Johnsongrass – OutRider, Impose
Spot treat or ropewick glyphosate

27. OutRider - Monsanto Sulfosulfuron, 75WDG Approved in 2008
New name for Maverick
Controls johnsongrass and sedges in bermudagrass and bahiagrass
Use rate – 1.33 ozs./acre
Add a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v.

28. OutRider - Monsanto
Johnsongrass 18 to 24 inches tall, up to seedhead stage of growth
Nutsedges – 4 to 8 inches tall
Does not control annual grasses, dallisgrass, smutgrass, etc.
Tank-mix with other herbicides for broadleaf weed control

29. OutRider - Monsanto Grazing and haying restriction
14 days – all livestock types
Treated fields may be rotated only to wheat.
Injurious to clovers.

30. Untreated
Maverick treated plot

31. Untreated
Maverick treated plot

32. Prowl H20 - BASF Pendimethalin
Preemergence herbicide: 3.2 to 4.2 qts/acre
Needs rainfall for incorporation within 30 days of application
Labeled on dormant forage bermudagrass hay or pasture (NOT LABELED ON TALL FESCUE)
45 day hay harvest restriction
60 day grazing restriction – all livestock types
See supplemental label at:

33. Prowl H20 - BASF
PRE control of crabgrass, goosegrass, sandbur, Texas and fall panicum
Also controls some annual broadleaf weeds such as pigweed
Apply February to early March to dormant bermudagrass
Must be applied before annual grasses germinate (crabgrass begins germination at soil temps. of 50 to 55 F.)

34. Prowl H20 Effect on the Stand Density of Irrigated Tifton 85 Pasture
Applications made to dormant bermudagrass on 3/5/10.

35. Prowl H20 Effect on Crabgrass Control in Irrigated Tifton 85 Pastures
Applications made to dormant bermudagrass on 3/5/10.

36. Pastora – DuPont - 2010 Sulfonylurea Pastora controls:
Nicosulfuron 56.2% + Metsulfuron 15.0%
Pastora controls:
Sandbur, panicum sp., foxtails, barnyardgrass, signalgrass < 2.0 in. tall
Pensacola bahiagrass, before seedheads emerge in spring
Vaseygrass (after hay cutting)
Italian ryegrass < 6.0 in. tall
Johnsongrass – 6 to 10 in. tall
annual broadleaf weeds < 4.0 in. tall
Use rates: 1.0 to 1.5 oz./acre + NIS
Will be used on bermudagrass only (injures tall fescue and legumes)
No grazing or haying restrictions

37. Effect of Pastora Applied during Greenup on Southern Crabgrass Control
Pastora applied Apr. 15, 2009 – seedling crabgrass

38. Effect of Pastora Applied mid-July on Southern Crabgrass Control. 2009.
Pastora applied July 20, 2009 – multi-tillered crabgrass

39. Effect of Pastora on Goosegrass Control in Irrigated Tifton 85 Pasture
Effect of Pastora on Goosegrass Control in Irrigated Tifton 85 Pasture. Wrens.
Applications made on 5/6/10 and 5/27/10 for the 20 day reapplication treatment.

40. ‘Russell’ Bermudagrass Tolerance to Pastora - 2009
Conducted at Eatonton
Pastora 1.5 oz/ac – dormant appl. – Mar. 6
Pastora 1.0 oz/ac – 40% green-up – Apr. 15
Pastora 1.0 oz/ac – 18 days after 1st harvest – June 26
Pastora 1.0 oz/ac – 5 days after 2nd harvest – July 20

41. ‘Russell’ Bermudagrass Tolerance to Pastora - 2009
Pastora at 1.5 oz/ac applied March 6 to dormant bermuda caused no injury and did not affect hay yield at any harvest.

42. ‘Russell’ Bermudagrass Tolerance to Pastora – 40% Green-up, 2009.
(Oz/ac)
Pastora applied Apr. 15, 2009

43. ‘Russell’ Bermudagrass Tolerance to Pastora – 18 d after 1st harvest, 2009.
(Oz/ac)
Pastora applied June 26, 2009 – 7 in. tall bermudagrass

44. ‘Russell’ Bermudagrass Tolerance to Pastora – 5 d after 2nd harvest, 2009.
(Oz/ac)
Pastora applied July 20, 2009 – 5 d after second hay harvest

45. Effect of Pastora Applied during Greenup on ‘Russell’ Hay Yield 2009.
(Oz/ac)
NS at all harvests
Pastora applied Apr. 15, 2009 – 40% Green-up

46. Effect of Pastora Applied 18 d after first harvest on ‘Russell’ Hay Yield 2009.
(Oz/ac)
NS at all harvests
Hay harvested 19 d after appl.
Pastora applied June 26, 2009 – 7 in. tall bermudagrass

47. Effect of Pastora Applied 5 d after 2nd harvest on ‘Russell’ Hay Yield 2009.
(Oz/ac) * * *
Pastora applied Jul. 20, 2009 – 5 d after second harvest

48. Effect of Pastora Applied during Greenup on Italian Ryegrass Control
(Oz/ac)
Pastora applied Apr. 15, 2009

49. Conclusions - Pastora Will control Italian ryegrass
Crabgrass not as sensitive as other annual grasses (best control of crabgrass is at seedling stage)
Established bermudagrass (one growing season)
Application Timings
Winter – dormant bermuda
Spring – before 2 inches of new growth
Summer – within 7 days of hay cutting

50. Conclusions Pastora applied with water effectively controls:
little barley
little quakinggrass
rattail fescue
Italian ryegrass
Addition of 75% v/v UAN to Pastora decreased control of all grasses except Italian ryegrass.

51. Conclusions Pastora also controls:
field pansy
Carolina geranium
sticky chickweed
corn speedwell
No effect of UAN on broadleaf weed control with Pastora
Addition of 2,4-D did not improve control of above weeds

52. Keys to Herbicide Use Identify weed Select the right product
Time the application correctly
Apply accurately
Follow haying restrictions

53. ????????