1. WORLD WAR I Unit VE AP United States History

2. Fundamental Question  To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement?

3. Great War in Europe (1914-1919)  Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914  Alliances and ultimatums dragged Europe into a destructive conflict

4. American Neutrality and Opinion  Neutrality  Wilson proclaims neutrality on August 4, 1914  Preserve economic prosperity  American loans to Allies  Opinion  American Press favored Allies and criticized Central Powers  Ethnic opinions based on national allegiance  Isolationists  Populists, Progressives, William Jennings Bryan, Socialists, Midwest, West, women, Jane Addams

5. The Path to War  German U-Boats  Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans  Sussex Pledge  Sussex in March 1916  Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom of the seas  National Security League  Encouraged preparedness and heightened Americanization  German unrestricted submarine warfare  Russian Revolution (1917)  Zimmermann Telegram (1917)  German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S.  Wilson requested declaration of war by Congress against Germany  April 6, 1917 by near unanimous vote

6. American Domestic War Effort  War Agencies  War Industries Board  Mass production, standardization, price and supply controls  National War Labor Board  Representatives from labor and business arbitrated labor disputes to prevent disruptions  Food Administration  Committee on Public Information  War propaganda agency  Liberty Bonds  Financial support for American war effort  Portrayed as an act of patriotic duty

7. American Propaganda

8. American Domestic Insecurity  Espionage Act of 1917  Prohibition of:  Interfere in military operations  Interfere in military recruitment  Support of U.S. enemies  Promote insubordination  Schenk v. United States (1919)  “Clear and present danger”  Sedition Act of 1918  In times of war:  Prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language against U.S. government, military, and flag  American Protective League  Private organization assisted government with surveillance and raids on suspected radicals and enemy sympathizers

9. American War Front  Selective Service Act of 1917  Conscription of 21-31; 18-45 by 1918  American Expeditionary Force (AEF)  Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor  General John J. Pershing  Convoy system  War Events  Spring Offensive (1918)  German offensive in Western theater  Battle of the Marne (July-August)  Hundred Days Offensive (1918)  Allied counteroffensive; leads to end of the fighting  Battle of the Somme (August)  Battle of Argonne Forest (Sept-Nov)  Armistice (11/11/1918)  German capitulation  Casualties  117,000 Americans  1 million British,  1.6 million French,  3.3. million Russian,  2.4 million German,  2.9 million Ottoman,  1.5 million Austrian-Hungarian

10. Spanish Flu  Influenza Pandemic (1918-1920)  Infected and Deaths  500 million infected  20-50 million deaths  Impact and Spread  Targeted healthy young adults  World War I conditions  Mass transportation

11. Minorities in World War I  Women  Factory jobs  Military opportunities  Rescinded after war except nurses  Blacks  Great Migration to North  Factory jobs  400,000 served in AEF in segregated units  Mexicans  Agricultural and mining opportunities in Southwest and Midwest  Germans  Targeted as “Huns”  Registration and internment

12. Wilson and Peace  Fourteen Points  “peace without victory”  Self-determination  League of Nations  Treaty of Versailles  German guilt, reparations  League of Nations  Wilson and Senate Treaty Ratification  Senate Opposition  Irreconcilables  Strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles  Reservationists  Henry Cabot Lodge  Amendments to Treaty to limit American involvement  Wilson’s Public Campaign  Wilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustion  Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

13. Postwar America Economic Impact  Demobilization  Difficult transition from war economy to peace economy  Recession of 1918-1919  Depression of 1920-1921  Overproduction  Increased labor force  Fed raised interest rates  Government decreased spending

14. Postwar America Labor Unions and Strikes  Union Membership  Expanded with government support during WWI  AFL reached 4 million by 1920  Strikes of 1919  Seattle General Strike  Boston Police Strike  Steel Strike  Coal Strike  Anti-union sentiment increases  Association with radicals

15. Postwar America Race Riots  Red Summer of 1919  Three dozen cities experienced race riots  Economic competition and First Red Scare  Chicago (July-August)  Blacks react to stoning of young man  Omaha (September)  Brutal lynching of William Brown

16. Postwar America First Red Scare  Causes  War Propaganda  Russian Revolution  Strikes and Riots  Targets  Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists, Communists, Wobblies  1919 Bombings  Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer  Palmer Raids  Deportations  Public Opinion  Initially, Americans and press vigorously supported raids  Later, the public denounced violations of civil liberties