1. Atomic Manipulation by STM
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
180/198 – 534
Peter Grutter
McGill University

2. The power of STM

4. Atomic-scale STM manipulation modes
Parallel processe
Field assisted diffusion
Serial Processes
Sliding
Transfer or near contact
Field evaporation
Electromigration
J. Stroscio and D. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991)

5. Molecular manipulation
First indications from ‘misbehaving’ molecules and atoms:
R.S. Becker et al, Nature 325, 419 (1987)
Ge on Ge(111)
J. Foster et al, Nature 331, 324 (1988)
Liquid crystal on HOPG

6. 1.1 Field-Assisted Diffusion
Observation:
Image: -Vs Manipulate: +Vs
L.J. Whitman et al, Science 251, 1206 (1991)

8. 2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM
D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

9. 2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM
D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

10. 2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM
D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

11. 2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM
D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

13. What can you do with this? Build a quantum corral!
Exp.-theory:
Fe on Cu(111) 4.5K UHV STM
M. Crommie et al, Science 262, 218 (1993)

14. What can you do with a corral?
Study quantum chaos! (or at least try)
Fe on Cu(111) 4.5K UHV STM
M. Crommie et al, Science 262, 218 (1993)

15. Why do you want to do this?
It’s a nanolab! Study structure – property relationships in nano systems.
Corrugation energies along different x-tal directions (sliding)
Strength and sign of interactions in ‘new’, 1D structures, e.g. linear chain of Xe atoms.
Big advantage: integrated manipulation, imaging and characterization tool.
Many interesting scientific problems, e.g. electrons in confined spaces (corral), information processing, …

16. Response of a superconductor to a magnetic 4f impurity: Gd on Nb(110)
The lower image (dI/dV map acquired just above the gap voltage of Nb) shows the spatial extent of the bound state excitation in the superconductor. It falls off on a length scale much shorter than the superconductor’s coherence length. It shows that the response of a superconductor to a magnetic impurity is dominated by this short range effect.

17. Detection of the magnetic Kondo resonance localized around a single Co atom on Cu(111)
Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, (2000)

18. Assembly of elliptical resonators
Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, (2000)

19. Moving an atom in an elliptical resonator
Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, (2000)

20. Moving an atom in an elliptical resonator
Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, (2000)

21. Moving an atom in an elliptical resonator
Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, (2000)

22. Detection of Quantum Mirage
Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, (2000)

23. First 72 eigenmodes of the eccentricity ½ elliptical resonator
Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, (2000)

24. Sliding molecules at RT
Cu-TP porphyrinon Cu(100)
RT UHV STM
Cu-TBP porphyrin
T.A. Jung et al, Science 271, 181 (1996)

25. A molecular cascade device
A prototype for a molecular cascade device. CO molecules are deposited on a Cu(111) surface at 4 K. Individual molecules are imaged as depressions (a).
The red dots mark adsorption sites for CO molecules, whereas the blue dots represent the lattice positions of Cu atoms.
There are two possible geometries for CO trimers: the chevron configuration (lower left corner of part a) and the threefold symmetric (lower left corner of part b). The chevron trimer is only metastable and decays into the threefold symmetric by displacing the central CO molecule to a nearest-neighbor site (from a to b).
By suitably arranging the CO molecules, the decay of one of the trimers into the other one can produce a cascade of events that communicates a bit of information (presence/absence of a CO molecule at a given site) from one end of thechain to the other (c and d).
A.J.Heinrich et al, Science 298, 1381 (2002)

26. Influence of Molecules on Metals
Lander molecule, deposited at RT on Cu(110), imaged at 150K, UHV STM
F. Rosei et al, Science 296, 328 (2002)

27. Controlling Chemical Reactions
Single bond formation by STM
W. Ho Group
Step-by-step dissociation sequence. (a) An adsorbed iodobenzene at a lower part of a Cu(111) step edge. After breaking the C–I bond (b), the phenyl and iodine are further separated by using lateral manipulation with theSTMtip (c). The phenyl in (c) (indicated with an arrow) is then further fragmented by the I–V spectroscopy dissociation scheme (d). The
resultant fragments include protrusion and depression regions contributed by the resulting hydrocarbon fragments. (Rieder Group, Berlin)

28. 2.2 Transfer or Near Contact
J. Repp,
Rieder Group, Berlin
G. Meyer et al., Single Mol. 1, 79 (2000)
an atomic switch!
Reliable for Xe, benzene, not so for Pt.
No current or electrical field neccessary.
D. Eigler et al, Nature 352, 600 (1991)

29. 2.3 Field Evaporation Si(111) 7x7 RT UHV STM
Au dots on Au(111), RT, air STM J. Mamin et al., PRL 65, 2481 (1990)
Si(111) 7x7 RT UHV STM
I.-W. Lyo and P. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991)

30. 2.4 Electromigration
Direct interaction of effective charge on the defect with the electric field
‘Wind force’: scattering of electrons at defect (felt strongly by atoms closest to the junction)
CO on Pt(111)
4.5K UHV STM
Ch. Lutz, Eigler Lab, IBM

31. Electrical gating of a molecule
Wolkow group (U of A & NINT
A dangling Si bond can be capped (a) or created (b). This leads to a localized electric charge, giving rise to an electrical field. This field decays over distances and leads to a distance dependent shift in molecular orbitals into which one tunnels (d).
Lopinski et al, Nature 406, 48 (2000)

32. Challenges Identification of manipulation mechanism
Correlation with simulation and theory
Identification of different building blocks
3D strutures
Interfacing to the macroscopic world

33. … connecting the micro to the nano.
The problem of scale…
… connecting the micro to the nano.
x23
x60
Grutter group, McGill