1. Enhanced Guide to Oracle8i
Chapter 1:
Client/Server Databases and the
Oracle8i Relational Database

2. File-Based Data Processing
Each application has data files that correspond to only that application
Checking
Account
Data
Files
Auto Loan
Data
Files
Checking
Account
Programs
Auto
Loan
Programs
Savings
Account
Data
Files
Savings
Account
Programs

3. Problems with File-Based Processing
Each application must have duplicate programs for file-handling operations
Duplicate data exists in each application’s data files
Duplicate data can become inconsistent

4. Database Processing
All applications interface with the same data in a central database
Checking
Account
Programs
Database
Database
Management
System
Auto
Loan
Programs
Savings
Account
Programs

5. Database Processing
Database Management System (DBMS) provides central set of common functions to manage data:
Insert
Update
Retrieve
View
Oracle is a relational, client/server DBMS

6. Types of Database Systems
Hierarchical: data relationships are maintained using pointers
Pointers create links using physical hardware locations
Relational: data relationships are maintained using shared data values called key fields

7. Hierarchical Databases
Parent
Data
Pointer
Child
Data

8. Relational Databases Data is organized in tables
Columns (fields) represent different data categories
Rows (records) contain actual data values
Fields
PRODUCT_ID
DESCRIPTION
QUANTITY_ON_HAND 1
Plain Cheesecake 8 2
Cherry Cheesecake 10
Records

9. Relational Table Keys Primary key: uniquely identifies a record
Must be unique for each record
Cannot be NULL (undefined)
Candidate key: field that could be used as a primary key
Surrogate key: numeric field created for the purpose of being the primary key

10. Relational Table Keys Foreign key
Field in a table that is a primary key in another table
Creates a relationship between the 2 tables
Foreign key values must exactly match

11. Table Relationships PRODUCT_ID DESCRIPTION QUANTITY_ON_HAND 1
Primary Key
PRODUCT_ID
DESCRIPTION
QUANTITY_ON_HAND 1
Plain Cheesecake 8 2
Cherry Cheesecake 10
Foreign Key
ORDER_ID
PRODUCT_ID
ORDER_QUANTITY
100 1 2
200

12. Composite Key
Primary key made of the combination of two or more fields
Composite
Key
ORDER_ID
PRODUCT_ID
ORDER_QUANTITY
100 1 2
200

13. Database System Architectures
Mainframe databases
Both DBMS and applications run on mainframe computer
Users access database and applications using terminals
Personal databases
Both DBMS and applications run on user’s workstation
Client/server databases
DBMS runs on central server
Applications run on user’s (client) workstation

14. Advantages of Client/Server Databases
Handling server and client failures
Processing transactions
Handling high data volumes
Providing security
Servicing multiple simultaneous users

15. The Oracle8i Environment (Server Side)
Enterprise Edition (on central DB server) Or
Oracle Personal Edition
Personal database that acts just like a client/server database

16. The Oracle8i Environment: Client Side
SQL*Plus & PL/SQL
Developer
Procedure Builder
Form Builder
Report Builder
Graphics Builder
Project Builder

17. Case Study Databases Clearwater Traders Northwoods University
Inventory and sales order system
Northwoods University
Student registration system
Software Experts
Project management system

18. Clearwater Traders Database Tables
CUSTOMER
CUST_ORDER
ORDER_SOURCE
ITEM
CATEGORY
INVENTORY
SHIPMENT
SHIPMENT_LINE
ORDER_LINE
COLOR

19. Northwoods University Database Tables
STUDENT
FACULTY
LOCATION
TERM
COURSE
COURSE_SECTION
ENROLLMENT

20. Software Experts Database Tables
CONSULTANT
SKILL
CONSULTANT_SKILL
CLIENT
PROJECT
PROEJCT_SKILL
PROJECT_CONSULTANT
EVALUATION