IDEF https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

IDEF4 IDEF4, or Integrated DEFinition for Object-Oriented Design, is an object-oriented design modeling language for the design of component-based client/server systems. It has been designed to support smooth transition from the application domain and requirements analysis models to the design and to actual source code generation. It specifies design objects with sufficient detail to enable source code generation.

IDEF4 This method is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of systems and software engineering.

IDEF4 - Overview IDEF4 method is a graphically oriented methodology for the design of object-oriented software systems

IDEF4 - Overview The IDEF4 method multi-dimensional approach to object-oriented software system design consists of the following items:

IDEF4 - Overview Artifact design status (application domain, in transition, software domain),

IDEF4 - Overview Design features ranging from general to specific enabling deferred decision making.

IDEF4 - History The development of IDEF4 came from the recognition that the modularity, maintainability and code reusability that results from the object-oriented programming paradigm can be realized in traditional data processing applications. The proven ability of the object-oriented programming paradigm to support data level integration in large complex distributed systems is also a major factor in the widespread interest in this technology from the traditional data processing community.

IDEF4 - History IDEF4 seeks to provide the necessary facilities to support the object-oriented design decision making process.

IDEF4 - Dimensions of IDEF4 Design Objects
IDEF4 uses an object-oriented design method or procedure that is very similar to Rumbaugh’s Object Method Technique and Schlaer/Mellor’s Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/OOD) technique. However, there are some crucial differences:

IDEF4 allows one to track the status of design artifacts from domain object through transition to design specification, and

IDEF4 includes a design rationale component.

These extra dimensions are shown in the figure. The edges of the box show the progression of the design from start to finish elaborating each of these dimensions.

IDEF4 - IDEF4 Design Activities
In IDEF4, a design starts with the analysis of requirements and takes as input the domain objects. These domain objects are encoded in their equivalent IDEF4 form and marked as domain objects. As computational objects are developed for these objects, they are marked as “transitional” and finally as “completed.” The level of completion of an IDEF4 design is determined by setting measures based on the status, level, and model dimensions of individual artifacts in the design.

The system-level design starts once the “raw material” (domain) objects have been collected

IDEF4 is an iterative procedure involving partitioning, classification/specification, assembly, simulation, and re-partitioning activities, see figure

IDEF4 - IDEF4 Object-oriented Concepts
Domains : IDEF4 projects are implemented in a domain. A domain can be seen as the scope of the system being developed. During system design, the software is transitioned between three domains: the application domain, the design domain, and the implementation domain.

Features, Artifacts, and Objects

Object Instance : Objects can be object instances, object classes, and object partitions. Object instances are the individual things encountered in the application domain.

Classes : Classes are generalizations about objects and are used to manage complexity by taking advantage of similarities in object instances and grouping them under a class or category.

Subclass/Superclass : The term subclass captures the concept of grouping particular instances of a class into an even more specialized class.

Attributes : Attributes are an implementation choice on how to represent an object’s state.

Object States : Object states represent situations or conditions of an object instance that are meaningful in the design.

Method : A method is an implementation of behavior (i.e., a set of instructions according to which the object performs some operation).

Message and Polymorphism : Objects communicate by sending messages to each other.

Object Life cycles : In any system, objects exhibit patterns of behavior as they cycle through different states.

Inheritance : A specific type of relationship used in object-oriented technology is inheritance.

Encapsulation and Information Hiding : Encapsulation and information hiding are two object-oriented concepts that are most easily understood when discussed in terms of interactions between objects.

IDEF4 - Object Class Identification
The IDEF4 Method assumes that the domain objects have been identified through Object-Oriented Domain Analysis. Methods such as IDEF1, IDEF5, IDEF3, SA/SD can be used to perform domain analysis. However, IDEF4 practitioners should be aware of how objects are identified, as the design process may reveal deficiencies in the Object-Oriented Analysis. IDEF4 had defined five types of classes:

Role Objects : The role may be related to other activities that the person engages in (e.g., a patient in a hospital, a stockholder, a client, a trustee, a suspect in a burglary, or a tax payer).

Event Objects : Events or incidents may also be considered objects. The identification of events as objects is highly subjective, and will depend on the domain in which the software is to be used.

Interaction Objects : Interaction objects are the result of interactions or transactions between two or more objects.

Specification and Procedure Objects : Specification objects describe the acceptable characteristics of objects instances. Procedure objects refer to the way other object instances may interact.

IDEF4 - IDEF4 Layers This three layered organization reduces the complexity of the design. The system design layer ensures connectivity to other systems in the design context. The application layer depicts the interfaces between the components of the system being designed. These components include commercial applications, previously designed and implemented applications, and applications to be designed. The low-level design layer represents the foundation objects of the system.

IDEF4 - IDEF4 Artifact Status
IDEF4 distinguishes between IDEF4 artifacts newly created from the application domain, artifacts in transition to design specification, and artifacts that have been specified that can be applied to create the design specification. Any design artifact in IDEF4 can be marked as domain, transition, or complete. This allows practitioners and reviewers to track the progress of the design toward completion.

IDEF4 - IDEF4 Design Models
IDEF4 uses three design models and a design rationale component:

The Dynamic Model (DM) specifies the communication between objects and the state transitions of objects.

The design rationale component provides a top-down representation of the system, giving a broad view that encompasses the three design models and documents the rationale for major design evolutions.

Each model represents a different cross section of the design. The three design models capture all the information represented in a design project, and the design rationale documents the reasoning behind the design. Each model is supported by a graphical syntax that highlights the design decisions that must be made and their impact on other perspectives of the design. To facilitate use, the graphical syntax is identical among the three models.

IDEF4 - Design Features IDEF4 provides a broad range of design features – from generic to specific. This range enables deferred decision making by allowing the designer to first capture design features in general terms and later to refine them. This significantly reduces the burden on designers by allowing them to immediately capture new design concepts with IDEF4 design features, even if these design concepts have not yet been explored in detail.

IDEF4 - Further reading Thomas M. Blinn (1989). IDEF3 and IDEF4 Automation System Requirements Documents and System Environment Models: An Interim Technical Report.. National Technical Information Service.

IDEF4 - Further reading Patricia Griffith Friel and Thomas M. Blinn (1989). "Automated IDEF3 and IDEF4 Systems Design Specification Document". Technical report. NASA Johnson Space Center.

IDEF4 - Further reading Richard J. Mayer, Douglas D Edwards (1990). IDEF4 Technical Report, Version 1.0. NASA* Richard J. Mayer, Douglas D. Edwards (1990). IDEF4 Formalization Report, Version 1.0. NASA

Enterprise engineering - IDEF
IDEF, first developed as a modeling language to model manufacturing systems, has been used by the U.S. Airforce since 1981 and originally offered four different notations to model an enterprise from a certain viewpoint. These were IDEF0, IDEF1, IDEF2 and IDEF3 for functional, data, dynamic and process analysis respectively. Over the past decades a number of tools and techniques for the integration of these different notations have been developed incrementally.

Enterprise engineering - IDEF
IDEF shows how a business process flows through a variety of decomposed business functions with corresponding information inputs, outputs and actors. Like CIMOSA, it also uses different enterprise views. Moreover, IDEF can be easily transformed into UML-diagrams for the further development of IT systems. These positive characteristics make it a powerful method for the development of Functional Software Architectures.

Function model - IDEF0 IDEF0 is a function modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions, which offers a functional modeling language for the analysis, development, re-engineering, and integration of information systems; business processes; or software engineering analysis. It is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of software engineering, and is built on the functional modeling language building SADT.

Function model - IDEF0 IDEF0 should assist in organizing system analysis and promote effective communication between the analyst and the customer through simplified graphical devices.

IDEF IDEF, initially abbreviation of ICAM Definition, renamed in 1999 as Integration DEFinition, refers to a family of modeling languages in the field of systems and software engineering

IDEF The most-widely recognized and used components of the IDEF family are IDEF0, a functional modeling language building on SADT, and IDEF1X, which addresses information models and database design issues.

IDEF - Overview on IDEF Methods
IDEF refers to a family of modeling language, which cover a wide range of uses, from functional modeling to data, simulation, object-oriented analysis/design and knowledge acquisition. Eventually the IDEF methods have been defined up to IDEF14:

IDEF2 : Simulation Model Design

IDEF3 : Process Description Capture

IDEF5 : Ontology Description Capture

IDEF6 : Design Rationale Capture

IDEF7 : Information System Auditing

IDEF8 : User Interface Modeling

IDEF9 : Business Constraint Discovery

IDEF10 : Implementation Architecture Modeling

In 1995 only the IDEF0, IDEF1X, IDEF2, IDEF3 and IDEF4 had been developed in full. Some of the other IDEF concepts had some preliminary design. Some of the last efforts were new IDEF developments in 1995 toward establishing reliable methods for business constraint discovery IDEF9, design rationale capture IDEF6, human system, interaction design IDEF8, and network design IDEF14.

The methods IDEF7, IDEF10, IDEF11, IDEF 12 and IDEF13 haven't been developed any further than their initial definition.

IDEF - History IDEF originally stood for ICAM Definition, initiated in the 1970s at the US Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio by Dennis E. Wisnosky, Dan L. Shunk and others. and completed in the 1980s. IDEF was a product of the Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) initiative of the United States Air Force. The IEEE recast the IDEF abbreviation as "Integration DEFinition."

IDEF - History Further development of IDEF occurred under those projects as a result of the experience gained from applications of the new modeling techniques

IDEF - History At the time of the ICAM 1102 effort there were numerous, mostly incompatible, data model methods for storing computer data — Sequential (VSAM), Hierarchical (IMS), Network (Cincom's TOTAL and CODASYL, and Cullinet's IDMS). The relational data model was just emerging as a promising way of thinking about structuring data for easy, efficient, and accurate access. Relational Database Management Systems had not yet emerged as a general standard for data management.

IDEF - History The ICAM program office deemed it valuable to create a "neutral" way of describing the data content of large-scale systems. The emerging academic literature suggested that methods were needed to process data independently of the way it was physically stored. Thus the IDEF1 language was created to allow a neutral description of data structures that could be applied regardless of the storage method or file access method.

In particular, IDEF1 draws on the following techniques:
IDEF - History In particular, IDEF1 draws on the following techniques:

IDEF - History the Evolving Natural Language Information Model (ENALIM) technique of Dr G. M. Nijssen (Control Data Corporation) — this technique is now more widely known as NIAM or the Object-Role Model ORM;

IDEF - History the network data structures technique, popularly called the CODASYL approach, of Dr Charles Bachman (Honeywell Information Systems);

IDEF - History the hierarchical data management technique, implemented in IBM's IMS data management system, developed by Dr R. R. Brown (Rockwell International);

The Entity-Relationship Approach (E-R) of Dr Peter Chen (UCLA).
IDEF - History The Entity-Relationship Approach (E-R) of Dr Peter Chen (UCLA).

IDEF - History The effort to develop IDEF1 resulted in both a new method for information modeling and an example of its use in the form of a "reference information model of manufacturing." This latter artifact was developed by D. S. Coleman of the D. Appleton Company (DACOM) acting as a sub-contractor to Hughes and under the direction of Mr Ramey. Personnel at DACOM became quite expert at IDEF1 modeling and subsequently produced a training course and accompanying materials for the IDEF1 modeling technique.

IDEF - History The translation of IDEF1 models to database designs, however, proved to be difficult.

DACOM labeled the result IDEF1X and supplied it to the ICAM program.
IDEF - IDEF1X DACOM labeled the result IDEF1X and supplied it to the ICAM program.

IDEF - IDEF1X Because the IDEF program was funded by the government, the techniques are in the public domain. In addition to the ADAM software, sold by DACOM under the name Leverage, a number of CASE tools, such as ERwin, use IDEF1X as their representation technique for data modeling.

IDEF - IDEF1X The IISS projects actually produced working prototypes of an information processing environment that would run in heterogeneous computing environments. Current advancements in such techniques as Java and JDBC are now achieving the goals of ubiquity and versatility across computing environments which was first demonstrated by IISS.

The latter was the focus of IDEF2, the former is the focus of IDEF3.
IDEF - IDEF2 and IDEF3 The latter was the focus of IDEF2, the former is the focus of IDEF3.

IDEF - IDEF4 IDEF4 seeks to provide the necessary facilities to support the object-oriented design decision making process.

IDEF - IDEF5 The IDEF5 Ontology Capture Method has been developed to reliably construct ontologies in a way that closely reflects human understanding of the specific domain.

IDEF - IDEF5 In the IDEF5 method, an ontology is constructed by capturing the content of certain assertions about real-world objects, their properties and their interrelationships, and representing that content in an intuitive and natural form. The IDEF5 method has three main components: A graphical language to support conceptual ontology analysis, a structured text language for detailed ontology characterization, and a systematic procedure that provides guidelines for effective ontology capture.

IDEF - IDEF6 IDEF6, or Integrated Definition for Design Rationale Capture, is a method to facilitate the acquisition, representation, and manipulation of the design rationale used in the development of enterprise systems

IDEF - IDEF6 IDEF6 will be a method that possesses the conceptual resources and linguistic capabilities needed

IDEF - IDEF6 to represent the nature and structure of the information that constitutes design rationale within a given system, and

IDEF - IDEF6 to associate that rationale with design specifications, models, and documentation for the system.

IDEF - IDEF6 IDEF6 is applicable to all phases of the information system development process, from initial conceptualization through both preliminary and detailed design activities. To the extent that detailed design decisions for software systems are relegated to the coding phase, the IDEF6 technique should be usable during the software construction process as well.

IDEF - IDEF8 At this level of design, IDEF8 provides a library of metaphors to help users and designers specify the desired behavior in terms of other objects whose behavior is more familiar

IDEF - IDEF9 A primary motivation driving the development of IDEF9 was an acknowledgment that the collection of constraints that forge an enterprise system is generally poorly defined

IDEF - IDEF14 IDEF14, or Integrated Definition for Network Design Method, is a method that targets the modeling and design of computer and communication networks. It can be used to model existing ("as is") or envisioned ("to be") networks. It helps the network designer to investigate potential network designs and to document design rationale. The fundamental goals of the IDEF14 research project developed from a perceived need for good network designs that can be implemented quickly and accurately.

IDEF - Further reading Ovidiu S. Noran (2000). Business Modelling: UML vs. IDEF Paper Griffh University

Semidefinite programming
'Semidefinite programming' ('SDP') is a subfield of convex optimization concerned with the optimization of a linear objective function (that is, a function to be maximized or minimized)

Many practical problems in operations research and combinatorial optimization can be modeled or approximated as semidefinite programming problems

All linear programming|linear programs can be expressed as SDPs, and via hierarchies of SDPs the solutions of polynomial optimization problems can be approximated. Semidefinite programming has been used in the optimization|optimization of complex systems. In recent years, some quantum query complexity problems have been formulated in term of semidefinite programs.

Semidefinite programming - Initial motivation
Specifically, a general semidefinite programming problem can be defined as any mathematical programming problem of the form

^n c_ (x^i \cdot x^j)subject toi,j,kS\rm tr\mathbb^n\rm tri=1,j=1ijij\displaystyle\min_ \langle A_k, X \rangle_ \leq b_k, \quad k = 1,\ldots,m \\

where entry i,j in C is given by c_ from the previous section and A_k is an n \times n matrix having i,jth entry a_ from the previous section.

As another example, note that for any positive semidefinite matrix X, there exists a set of vectors \ such that the i, j entry of X is X_ = (v_i, v_j) the dot product|scalar product of v_i and v_j

Semidefinite programming - Definitions
Analogously to linear programming, given a general SDP of the form

^m \langle b, y \rangle_^msubject to\displaystyle\sum_^m\R^mABACBCpmatrixABACABBCACBCpmatrixABBCAC pmatrix pmatrixAB12AC13BC23trcccccccccccc AC13(c^T x)^2d^Tx

where we assume that d^Tx!-- this section is linked to from Randomized_rounding, please update that link there if you change the section title here --nealeyoung May 31, ref/ref

Semidefinite programming - Algorithms
There are several types of algorithms for solving SDPs. These algorithms output the value of the SDP up to an additive error \epsilon in time that is polynomial in the program description size and \log (1/\epsilon).

Semidefinite programming - Interior point methods
Most codes are based on interior point methods (CSDP, SeDuMi, SDPT3, DSDP, SDPA). Robust and efficient for general linear SDP problems. Restricted by the fact that the algorithms are second-order methods and need to store and factorize a large (and often dense) matrix.

Semidefinite programming - Bundle method
The code ConicBundle formulates the SDP problem as a nonsmooth optimization problem and solves it by the Spectral Bundle method of nonsmooth optimization. This approach is very efficient for a special class of linear SDP problems.

Semidefinite programming - Other
Algorithms based on augmented Lagrangian method (PENSDP) are similar in behavior to the interior point methods and can be specialized to some very large scale problems. Other algorithms use low-rank information and reformulation of the SDP as a nonlinear programming problem (SPDLR).

Semidefinite programming - Software
* [ SDPA], C++

* [ SDPLR], C, Matlab

SeDuMi runs on MATLAB and uses the Self-Dual method for solving general convex optimization problems.

Semidefinite programming - Applications
Semidefinite programming has been applied to find approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, such as the solution of the max cut problem with an approximation ratio of SDPs are also used in geometry to determine tensegrity graphs, and arise in control theory as Linear matrix inequality|LMIs.

Quadratically constrained quadratic program - Semidefinite programming
When P0, hellip; Pm are all Positive-definite matrix|positive-definite matrices, the problem is Convex optimization|convex and can be readily solved using interior point methods, as done with semidefinite programming.

IDEF1X IDEF1X is used to produce a graphical information model which represents the structure and semantics of information within an environment or system.[ FIPS Publication 184] released of IDEF1X by the Computer Systems Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

IDEF1X IDEF1X permits the construction of semantic data models which may serve to support the management of data as a resource, the integration of information systems, and the building of computer databases. This standard is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of software engineering.

The primary objectives of the IDEF1X standard are to provide:
IDEF1X - Overview The primary objectives of the IDEF1X standard are to provide:

IDEF1X - Overview * Means for completely understanding and analyzing an organization's data resources

IDEF1X - Overview * Common means of representing and communicating the complexity of data

IDEF1X - Overview * A technique for presenting an overall view of the data required to run an enterprise

IDEF1X - Overview * Means for defining an application-independent view of data which can be validated by users and transformed into a physical database design

IDEF1X - Overview * A technique for deriving an integrated data definition from existing data resources.

IDEF1X - Overview A principal objective of IDEF1X is to support system integration|integration

IDEF1X - Overview * Consistent with the infrastructure of the business and true across all application areas

IDEF1X - Overview * Extendible, such that new data can be defined without altering previously defined data

IDEF1X - Overview * Transformable to both the required user views and to a variety of data storage and access structures.

IDEF1X - History As a result, the ICAM Program developed a series of techniques known as the IDEF (ICAM Definition) Methods which included the following:

IDEF1X - History * IDEF0 used to produce a “function model” which is a structured representation of the activities or processes within the environment or system

IDEF1X - History * IDEF1 used to produce an “information model” which represents the structure and semantics of information within the environment or system

* IDEF2 used to produce a “dynamics model”.
IDEF1X - History * IDEF2 used to produce a “dynamics model”.

The initial IDEF1 technique was based on the work of Dr R
IDEF1X - History The initial IDEF1 technique was based on the work of Dr R

IDEF1X - History In 1983, the U.S. Air Force initiated the Integrated Information Support System (I2S2) project under the ICAM program. The objective of this project was to provide the enabling technology to logically and physically integrate a network of heterogeneous computer hardware and software. As a result of this project, and industry experience, the need for an enhanced technique for information modeling was recognized.

IDEF1X - History From the point of view of the technical content of the modeling technique, IDEF1X is a renaming of LDDT.

IDEF1X - Logical Database Design Technique
Nevertheless, the central goal of IDEF1 and LDDT was the same: to produce a database-neutral model of the persistent information needed by an enterprise by modeling the real-world entities involved

LDDT included an environmental (namespace) hierarchy, multiple levels of model, the modeling of generalization/specialization, and the explicit representation of relationships by primary and foreign keys, supported by a well defined role naming facility

The LDDT software, ADAM, supported view (model) entry, view merging, selective (subset) viewing, namespace inheritance, normalization, a quality assurance analysis of views, entity relationship graph and report generation, transformation to a relational database expressed as SQL data declaration statements, and referential integrity checking SQL. Logical models were serialized with a structural modeling language.

DACOM labeled the result IDEF1X and supplied it to the ICAM program, which published it in 1985

IDEF1X - IDEF1X Building blocks
;Entities : The representation of a class of real or abstract things (people, objects, places, events, ideas, combination of things, etc.) that are recognized as instances of the same class because they share the same characteristics and can participate in the same relationships.

; Domains: A named set of data values (fixed, or possibly infinite in number) all of the same data type, upon which the actual value for an attribute instance is drawn. Every attribute must be defined on exactly one underlying domain. Multiple attributes may be based on the same underlying domain.

; Attributes: A property or characteristic that is common to some or all of the instances of an entity. An attribute represents the use of a domain in the context of an entity.

; Keys: An attribute, or combination of attributes, of an entity whose values uniquely identify each entity instance. Each such set constitutes a candidate key.

; Primary Keys: The candidate key selected as the unique identifier of an entity.

; Foreign Keys: An attribute, or combination of attributes of a child or category entity instance whose values match those in the primary key of a related parent or generic entity instance

; Categorization Relationships: A relationship in which instances of both entities represent the same real or abstract thing

; Non-Specific Relationships: A relationship in which an instance of either entity can be related to any number of instances of the other.

; View Levels: Three levels of view are defined in IDEF1X: Entity Relationship (ER), Key Based (KB), and Fully Attributed (FA). They differ in level of abstraction. The ER level is the most abstract. It models the most fundamental elements of the subject area - the entities and their relationships. It is usually broader in scope than the other levels. The KB level adds keys and the FA level adds all the attributes.

IDEF1X - The Three Schema Approach
The three-schema approach in software engineering is an approach to building information systems and systems information management, that promotes the Conceptual schema|conceptual model as the key to achieving data integration.[ STRAP SECTION 2 APPROACH]. Retrieved 30 September 2008.

A Model (abstract)|schema is a scientific modelling|model, usually depicted by a diagram and sometimes accompanied by a language description. The three schemas used in this approach are:Mary E.S. Loomis (1987). The Database Book. p. 26.

* External schema for user views

* Conceptual schema integrates external schemata

* Internal schema that defines physical storage structures.

At the center, the conceptual schema defines the ontology of the concepts as the user (computing)|users think of them and talk about them

IDEF1X - Modeling Guidelines
:The objectives of the Project Initiation phase include:

:* Source material – a plan for the acquisition of source material, including indexing and filing

:* Author conventions – a fundamental declaration of the conventions (optional methods) by which the author chooses to make and manage the model.

:The objective of the Relationship Definition phase is to identify and define the basic relationships between entities. At this stage of modeling, some relationships may be non-specific and will require additional refinement in subsequent phases. The primary outputs from Phase Two are:

:* Define key attributes for each entity

;Phase Four - Attribute Definition

:The objectives of the Attribute Definition phase are to:

:* Develop an attribute pool

:* Establish attribute ownership

:* Define nonkey attributes

IDEF1X - IDEF1X Meta Model
Such metamodeling|meta models can be used for various purposes, such as repository design, tool design, or in order to specify the set of valid IDEF1X models

Meta models have two important limitations. First, they specify syntax but not semantics. Second, a meta model must be supplemented with constraints in natural or formal language. The formal theory of IDEF1X provides both the semantics and a means to precisely express the necessary constraints.

The meta model, as an IDEF1X model, has a corresponding formal theory

* To each constant in the theory, an individual in the domain is assigned

* To each n-ary function symbol in the theory, an n-ary function over the domain is assigned

In the intended interpretation, the domain of individuals consists of views, such as production; entities, such as part and vendor; domains, such as qty_on_hand; connection relationships; category clusters; and so on. If every axiom in the theory is true in the interpretation, then the interpretation is called a model for the theory. Every model for the IDEF1X theory corresponding to the IDEF1X meta model and its constraints is a valid IDEF1X model.

Functional model - IDEF0
It is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of software engineering, and is built on the functional modeling language building Structured Analysis and Design Technique|SADT.

Functional model - IDEF0
IDEF0 should assist in organizing system analysis and promote effective communication between the analyst and the customer through simplified graphical devices.Varun Grover, William J

Murchison Widefield Array
The 'Murchison Widefield Array' (MWA) is a joint project between an international consortium of universities to build a low-frequency Radio telescope#Radio interferometry|radio array operating in the frequency range 80–300MHz

The MWA is the first so-called large-N array, fully cross-correlating signals from 128 phased tiles, each of which consist of 16 crossed dipoles arranged in a 4x4 square. The field of view is large by the standard of astronomical instruments, being on the order of 30degrees across.

Murchison Widefield Array - Science
The MWA is an inherently versatile instrument with a wide range of potential science goals. Scientific priorities during the early science phase will be determined partly by the evolving instrumental capabilities, and partly by the potential of such studies to accelerate commissioning and the initiation of the key science projects.

[ The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA): Exploring the Epoch of Reionization with the Redshifted 21 cm Line]

In solar, heliospheric and ionospheric (SHI) research, the highest priority is characterisation of the heliospheric magneto-ionic medium via interplanetary scintillation and Faraday rotation propagation effects using background astronomical radio sources.

Secondary key science projects include radio transient detection and monitoring, solar burst imaging, studies of ionospheric phenomena, and a variety of astronomical studies using all-sky survey data

Murchison Widefield Array - System overview
An MWA Antenna (radio)|antenna comprises four by four regular grid of dual-polarisation dipole elements arranged on a 4m x 4m steel mesh ground plane

The majority of the tiles (112) will be scattered across a roughly 1.5km core region, forming an array with very high imaging quality, and a field of view of several hundred square degrees at a resolution of several arcminutes. The remaining 16 tiles will be placed at locations outside the core, yielding baseline distances of about 3km to allow higher angular resolution for solar burst measurements.

The correlator subsystem comprises Poly-phase Filter Bank (PFB) boards that convert the 1.28MHz coarse frequency channels into channels with 10kHz frequency resolution in preparation for cross-correlation. Correlator boards then cross-multiply signals from all tiles to form visibility data. A distributed clock signal drives the coherence of receivers in the field and maintains timing for the correlator.

the MWA site.[ Data Processing Using GPUs for The MWA]. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 39, p.744. American Astronomical Society. Retrieved on 2 December The science output files and calibration data are written to an off-site archive for further analyses.

The MWA will be operated remotely through an interface to a Monitor and Control (MC) software package resident on a dedicated computer located within the CSIRO Data Processing Facility at the MWA site

Data will be transferred from the RTC storage disks to the MWA archive located at the end of a high-bandwidth network connection. The primary MWA data archive(s) will likely be located in Perth, Western Australia|Perth, with copies in other locations in Australia and the US. The resultant qualified data will then be provided to, and stored by, the various scientific databases for subsequent distribution to the respective scientific communities for analysis and interpretation.

Murchison Widefield Array - Development
[ The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA): Current Status and Plans]

Murchison Widefield Array - Project partners
The MWA Project is composed of the following project partners, in no particular order:

* Kavli Foundation|MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research

* University of Washington

* Arizona State University

* Australian National University

* Australia Telescope National Facility

* Victoria University of Wellington

Funding for the MWA to date has been provided by partner institutions and by allocations from national funding agencies: the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development (now the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment), the US National Science Foundation, the Australian Research Council (ARC), National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), Australia-India Strategic Research Fund Overview (AISRF), and support to the Raman Research Institute (RRI) for MWA in India

Square Kilometre Array - Murchison Widefield Array (MWA)
The Murchison Widefield Array[ Murchison Widefield Array website] is a low-frequency radio array operating in the frequency range 80–300MHz also under construction at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory site in Western Australia.

Richard Grenville - Development of Bideford
Grenville was never elected as Mayor of Bideford, preferring instead to support John Salterne in that role, but he was Lord of the Manor, a title held by the Grenvilles since 1126 and finally ceded by his descendants in 1711 to the Town Council he established

IDEF0 'IDEF0', a compound acronym (Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling, where 'ICAM' is an acronym for Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing) is a function modeling methodology for describing manufacturing functions, which offers a functional modeling language for the analysis, development, reengineering (software)|reengineering, and integration of information systems; business processes; or software engineering analysis.[ Systems Engineering Fundamentals.] Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001

IDEF0 IDEF0 is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of software engineering, and is built on the functional modeling language Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT).

IDEF0 - Overview IDEF0 should assist in organizing system analysis and promote effective communication between the analyst and the customer through simplified graphical devices.

IDEF0 - Overview Numerous commercial products specifically support development and analysis of IDEF0 diagrams and models.

IDEF0 - Overview An associated technique, Integration Definition for Information Modeling (IDEF1x), is used to supplement IDEF0 for data-intensive systems. The IDEF0 standard, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 183 (FIPS 183), and the IDEF1x standard (FIPS 184) are maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

IDEF0 - Overview FIPS PUB 183 Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0), was withdrawn as a Federal Standard (in favor of OPEN Specifications and Standards) September 2, 2008, as cited in The Federal Register, Volume 73, page (73FR/51276). SEE:

IDEF0 - History During the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force Program for Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) sought to increase manufacturing productivity through systematic application of computer technology. The ICAM program identified the need for better analysis and communication techniques for people involved in improving manufacturing productivity. As a result, in 1981 the ICAM program developed a series of techniques known as the IDEF (ICAM Definition) techniques which included the following:

IDEF0 - History * IDEF0, used to produce a function model. A function model is a structured representation of the functions, activities or processes within the modeled system or subject area.[ ICAM Architecture Part II-Volume IV - Function Modeling Manual (IDEF0)], AFWAL-TR , Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, June 1981.

IDEF0 - History * IDEF1, used to produce an information model. An information model represents the structure and semantics of information within the modeled system or subject area.ICAM Architecture Part II, Volume V - Information Modeling Manual (IDEF1), AFWAL-TR , Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, June 1981.

IDEF0 - History * IDEF2, used to produce a dynamics model. A dynamics model represents the time-varying behavioral characteristics of the modeled system or subject area.ICAM Architecture Part II, Volume VI - Dynamics Modeling Manual (IDEF2),

IDEF0 - History These FIPS documents are based on the IDEF manuals published by the U.S

IDEF0 - The IDEF0 Approach
The result of applying IDEF0 to a system is a model that consists of a hierarchical series of diagrams, text, and glossary cross-referenced to each other

IDEF0 - IDEF0 Building blocks
The IDEF0 model displayed here on the left is based on a simple syntax. Each activity is described by a verb-based label placed in a box. Inputs are shown as arrows entering the left side of the activity box while output are shown as exiting arrows on the right side of the box. Controls are displayed as arrows entering the top of the box and mechanisms are displayed as arrows entering from the bottom of the box. Inputs, Controls, Outputs, and Mechanisms are all referred to as concepts.

* Arrow : A directed line, composed of one or more arrow segments, that models an open channel or conduit conveying data or objects from source (no arrowhead) to use (with arrowhead). There are 4 arrow classes: Input Arrow, Output Arrow, Control Arrow, and Mechanism Arrow (includes Call Arrow). See Arrow Segment, Boundary Arrow, Internal Arrow.

* Box : A rectangle, containing a name and number, used to represent a function.

* Context : The immediate environment in which a function (or set of functions on a diagram) operates.

* Decomposition : The partitioning of a modeled function into its component functions.

* Fork : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) divides into two or more arrow segments. May denote unbundling of meaning.

* Function : An activity, process, or transformation (modeled by an IDEF0 box) identified by a verb or verb phrase that describes what must be accomplished.

* Join : The junction at which an IDEF0 arrow segment (going from source to use) merges with one or more other arrow segments to form a single arrow segment. May denote bundling of arrow segment meanings

* Node : A box from which child boxes originate; a parent box. See Node Index, Node Tree, Node Number, Node Reference, Diagram Node Number.

IDEF0 - Graphical notation
* functions (represented on a diagram by boxes), and

* data and objects that interrelate those functions (represented by arrows).

As shown by Figure 3 the position at which the arrow attaches to a box conveys the specific role of the interface. The controls enter the top of the box. The inputs, the data or objects acted upon by the operation, enter the box from the left. The outputs of the operation leave the right-hand side of the box. Mechanism arrows that provide supporting means for performing the function join (point up to) the bottom of the box.

IDEF0 - The IDEF0 process The IDEF0 process starts with the identification of the prime function to be decomposed. This function

IDEF0 - The IDEF0 process is identified on a “Top Level Context Diagram,” that defines the scope of the particular IDEF0 analysis. An example of a Top Level Context Diagram for an information system management process is shown in Figure 3. From this diagram lower-level diagrams are generated. An example of a derived diagram, called a “child” in IDEF0 terminology, for a life cycle function is shown in Figure 4.

IDEF0 - Federal Information Processing Standards
In Dec 1993 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announcing the standard for Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) in the category Software Standard, Modeling Techniques. This publication announces the adoption of the IDEF0 as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS). This standard was based on the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Architecture from June 1981.

Gram determinant - Positive semidefinite
The Gramian matrix is Positive-semidefinite matrix|positive semidefinite, and every positive semidefinite matrix is the Gramian matrix for some set of vectors. Further, in finite-dimensions it determines the vectors up to isomorphism, i.e. any two sets of vectors with the same Gramian matrix must be related by a single unitary matrix. These facts follow from taking the spectral decomposition of any positive semidefinite matrix P, so that

Gram determinant - Positive semidefinite
and so P is the Gramian matrix of the columns of U\sqrt.

Gérard de Ridefort 'Gerard of Ridefort' (died October 4, 1189) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from the end of 1184 until his death in 1189.

Gérard de Ridefort - Early life
Gerard of Ridefort is thought probably to have been of Flanders|Flemish origin, although some nineteenth-century writers suggested an Anglo-Norman background, apparently through misreading his designation as of Bideford. It is uncertain when he arrived in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He appears in the charter record in the service of Baldwin IV of Jerusalem in the late 1170s, and by 22 October 1179 held the rank of Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Marshals|Marshal of the kingdom.

Gérard de Ridefort - Early life
It seems that he expected Raymond III of Tripoli to give him the hand of an available heiress

Gérard de Ridefort - Templar
Gerard fell seriously ill, after which he took vows as a Templar. By June 1183 he held the rank of seneschal of the Order. He was elected Grand Master in late 1184 or early 1185, after the death of Arnold of Torroja in Verona.

Gerard continued to hold a grudge against Raymond of Tripoli, which influenced some of his political manœuvrings. In 1186, when Baldwin V of Jerusalem died, Gerard took the side of Sibylla of Jerusalem|Queen Sibylla and her husband Guy of Lusignan in the ensuing succession struggle. Raymond and his allies the Ibelin family were the leaders of the opposing faction, who supported the claim of Sibylla's younger half-sister Isabella of Jerusalem|Isabella.

In the crisis of 1187, Gerard used the money sent by Henry II of England and deposited with the Templars in Jerusalem to hire additional troops for the arrière ban to defend the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Saladin

In July of the same year Gerard led the Templars at the Battle of Hattin. Saladin had captured Tiberias and Guy was contemplating a march on the city to retake it. Raymond advised him to wait for Saladin to come to them, since they were in a well-defended, well-watered position, and would have to cross a dry open plain to reach Tiberias. Gerard opposed this, and convinced Guy to continue the march. He was supported by Raynald of Châtillon, a fellow enemy of Raymond.

The armies of Outremer ended up trapped on the dry plain and were defeated on July 4. Raymond and several other nobles escaped, but Gerard, Guy, and Raynald were captured by Saladin. The rest of the Templar prisoners were executed. Gerard remained a prisoner until 1188, during which time his Order was commanded by Brother Thierry (Terricus) from Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre.

Gerard was given the condition by Saladin that, if he could convince a Templar fortress to surrender peacefully, he would be set free

In 1189, he again joined forces with Guy, taking the Templars to the Siege of Acre (1189–1191)|Siege of Acre. He was beheaded after being taken prisoner by Saladin again on October 4, 1189.

Gérard de Ridefort - Game
*Gerard is also a general of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms#Crusades Campaign|Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms Crusades Campaign.

Gérard de Ridefort - Film
*Gerard was portrayed by Nicholas Boulton (actor)|Nicholas Boulton in the Swedish 2007 film Arn ndash; The Knight Templar and 2008 sequel Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End.

Gérard de Ridefort - Film
*Gerard was portrayed by Ulrich Thomsen in the 2005 in film|2005 film Kingdom of Heaven (film)|Kingdom of Heaven.

Semidefinite In mathematics, a 'definite quadratic form' is a quadratic form over some Real number|real vector space that has the same positive and negative numbers|sign (always positive or always negative) for every nonzero vector of . According to that sign, the quadratic form is called 'positive definite' or 'negative definite'.

Semidefinite A 'semidefinite' (or 'semi-definite') quadratic form is defined in the same way, except that positive and negative are replaced by not negative and not positive, respectively. An 'indefinite' quadratic form is one that takes on both positive and negative values.

Semidefinite More generally, the definition applies to a vector space over an ordered field.Milnor Husemoller (1973) p.61

Semidefinite - Associated symmetric bilinear form
Quadratic forms correspond one-to-one to symmetric bilinear forms over the same space. A symmetric bilinear form is also described as definite, semidefinite, etc. according to its associated quadratic form. A quadratic form and its associated symmetric bilinear form are related by the following equations:

Semidefinite - Example
As an example, let , and consider the quadratic form

Seattle Center - PrideFest
Seattle PrideFest is the Official Seattle Gay Pride Festival held annually at the Seattle Center over Pride Weekend

Bideford 'Bideford' is a historic port town on the estuary of the River Torridge in north Devon, South West England|south-west England. It is the main town of the Torridge Districts of England|local government district. The people of the town are known as Bidefordians.

Bideford - Toponymy In ancient records Bideford is recorded as; Bedeford, Byddyfrod, Bedyford, Bydeford, Bytheford and Biddeford. The etymology of the name means by the ford, and records show that before there was a bridge, there was a Ford (crossing)|ford at Bideford where River Torridge is estuarine and at low tide it is possible, but not advisable, to cross the river by wading on foot.

Bideford - Early History
In ancient records Bideford was recorded as a borough but has only returned Member of Parliament|members to parliament during the reigns of Edward I ( ) and Edward II ( ).

Bideford ndash;1700 His interment was at the same church five days later. Sir Richard Grenville's great-grandson, Sir John Granville, helped restore Charles II of England|Charles II to the throne and in 1601 he made Sir John Granville, Baron Granville of Bideford and Earl of Bath.

Bideford ndash;1700 After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the expulsion of French Protestants from France a considerable number of them immigrated to Bideford and they brought a lot of new trades to the town including silk weaving.

Bideford ndash;1700 In the 16th century a man called John Strange was born in the town. When he was in his youth he fell from a cliff and did not suffer any injury, then later on in his life someone fired an arrow at his forehead, but it did not penetrate his skull and only and the only lasting damage was a scar. Then a person tried to throw him over the Long Bridge but they were unexpectedly and luckily interrupted by something.

In 1902 the first car arrived in Bideford it was owned by Dr E.J
Bideford ndash;1939 In 1902 the first car arrived in Bideford it was owned by Dr E.J

Bideford - World War II It has also emerged that the Nazis had a map of Bideford in readiness for a possible invasion, also the Nazis had an aerial picture of the area for intelligence purposes.

Bideford - Long Bridge The Bideford Bridge Trust held responsibility for the long bridge right up until the year 1968 when one of the arches of the bridge collapsed

Bideford - Port Shipping
Currently ball clay is exported from Bideford to Castellón de la Plana|Castellón, Spainhttp:// and also Naantali, Finland; also wood has been exported to Wismar, Germany. The Kathleen and May, the last remaining British built wooden hull three masted top sail schooner is registered in Bideford and used to be based there. There are also still some fishing boats that operate out of Bideford.

Bideford - Witch trial The Bideford witch trial in 1682 involved three women, Temperance Lloyd, Mary Trembles and Susannah Edwards, accused of witchcraft and resulted in one of the last hangings for witchcraft in England.

Bideford - Namesakes in the United States Canada
The city of Biddeford, Maine in the United States was named after the English town, using the original old English spelling. Also, the town of Bideford, Prince Edward Island|Bideford in the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada, is named after the English town.

Bideford - Bideford Black
Recently some Bideford Black was exchanged by locals for some Australian Aboriginal Elder Noel Butler, Noel Butlers nephew has used the Bideford Black to paint his body for Aboriginal ceremonial events in Australia. The Heritage lottery fund has given a grant of £8700 to the Burton Art Gallery to fund research into Bideford Black. In October 2013 a display about Bideford Black happened at Bidefords Burton Art Gallery.

Bideford - Demographics
In November % of the population claimed job seekers allowance. Domestic violence rates are 2.6% higher than the Devon average, alcohol-related crime is 0.4% higher than the Devon average and drugs related crime is the same as the Devon average.

Bideford - Ferry A ferry operates between Bideford quay and Lundy|Lundy Island, which lies about away in the Bristol Channel. The same ship, the MS Oldenburg|MS Oldenburg, also provides evening cruises from Bideford along the River Torridge but in the downstream direction only as it is too big to pass under the Bideford Long Bridge.

Bideford - Coast path The South West Coast Path National Trail runs through the town, and gives access to walks along the rugged North Devon coast.

Bideford - Bus Bus There are several bus services provided by Stagecoach South West, First Devon and Cornwall, and Beacon Bus, including:

*319 - Barnstaple -Bideford - Abbotsham - Woolsery - Hartland - Bude
Bideford - Bus *319 - Barnstaple -Bideford - Abbotsham - Woolsery - Hartland - Bude

Many routes are subsided by Devon County Council.
Bideford - Bus Many routes are subsided by Devon County Council.

Bideford - Railway The station still exists East-the-Water and is now managed by a preservation group, the Bideford Railway Heritage Centre

Bideford - Railway In 2009, James May's Toy Stories attempted to run OO scale trains on a temporary track on the right of way. A subsequent attempt in 2011 was successful.

Bideford - Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway
The locomotives were fitted with skirts to protect pedestrians as at one point the line ran along the quay at Bideford

Bideford - Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway
The railway fell into financial difficulties until in the First World War the War Department (UK)|War Department requisitioned all of its equipment for use in France. Bideford's 13th century Long Bridge was temporarily converted into a railway bridge to carry the locomotives and rolling stock onto the main line railway near Bideford Station.Stuckey, Douglas (1962). The Bideford, Westward Ho! and Appledore Railway Pub. West Country Publications.

Bideford - Climate Bideford has a wet but mild climate, during the winter Bideford experiences a lot of frosty nights and mornings and also gets some snow. During the summer Bideford is quite wet, but also mild.

Bideford - East-the-Water
The town of Bideford has grown to cover land on both sides of the River Torridge; the area located east of the river is known as East-the-Water. Much of the land that has been built on in recent years is drained marshland.

Bideford - East-the-Water
(1879) [ A Handbook for Travellers in Devonshire (9th edition)] The area is surrounded by agriculture|agricultural land.

Bideford - Governance The town council received widespread attention in February 2012 when the High Court of Justice|High Court ruled that prayers as part of meetings were not lawful by the Local Government Act 1972.[ Bideford Town Council prayers ruled unlawful], BBC,

Bideford - Governance Torridge District Council[ torridge.gov.uk] is the next level of local government and most decisions are made by Devon County Council.[ devon.gov.uk]

Bideford - Governance The local Member of Parliament|MP is the Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Geoffrey Cox (British politician)|Geoffrey Cox and the Member of the European Parliament|MEP local aristocrat Tory Giles Chichester. The two Devon County Council councillors who represent the town are Gaston Dezart and Robin Julian, they are both members of UKIP.

Bideford - Education State-funded primary schools in Bideford include East-the-Water Primary School, Pynes Infants School, St Mary's Church of England Primary School and Westcroft Junior School. Bideford College is the main state-funded secondary school serving the area.

Bideford - Education Kingsley School, Bideford|Kingsley School is a co-educational independent school situated in Bideford. In was founded in 2009 when Grenville College and Edgehill College merged with each other. It is a member of the Methodist Independent Schools trust.

Bideford - Sport and recreation
One field is used primarily as the home ground of the main local rugby union club, Bideford RFC (Chiefs) who currently play in the Tribute Western Counties West|Tribute Western Counties West League.[ bidefordrfc.co.uk] The other field, commonly referred to as The Sports Ground, is the home to Bideford AFC, the town's main local association football|football club, they currently play in the Southern Football League Premier Division and are managed by Sean William Joyce

There is a cricket club in the park called Victoria Park Cricket Club, but there is also Bideford, Littleham and Westward Ho! Cricket Club and they play in Westward Ho! There are two bowling clubs in the town, one is Bideford Bowling Club who play near to The Sports Ground, and the other is Bideford Victoria Park Bowling Club. There is also a gymnastics club in the town called the North Devon Display Gymnastic Club.

In 2009 the sixth stage of the Tour of Britain finished in the town and large crowds lined the quay where it finished. In 2012 the Tour of Britain passed through the town, again large crowds came out to watch. On 19 March 2012 the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay|2012 Olympic torch relay passed through the town, large crowds lined the towns streets and school children from the towns schools were also allowed to line the route even though it was during the school day.

Bideford - Religion The number of religious people in the area is higher than the average in Devon.

Bideford - Notable residents
The actress Joanna Tope was born in Bideford

Bideford - New Year traditions
Bideford is renowned for its New Year's Eve celebrations, when thousands of people - most in fancy dress - from surrounding towns, villages and around the world gather on the quay for revelries and a fireworks display.McCurrach, 2002.Prince, The event normally includes a number of local musical acts performing on the X Radio One Roadshow stage.

Bideford - Radio Local radio was provided by Heart North Devon, the station, which started in 1992 and originally called Lantern FM was based in Bideford in a building named the Lighthouse, later moved to an industrial estate in nearby Barnstaple

Bideford - Newspapers Also there is a monthly Newspaper published called The Bideford and District Post.

Bideford - Twinning The town is Twin towns|twinned with Landivisiau in France. It has been twinned with Landivisiau since 1976, each year members of the Bideford Twinning Association take part in an exchange trip with Landivisiau.

Bideford - Twinning The Bideford town clerk, George McLauchlan, told him that locals had never heard of Manteo and the only town Bideford was twinned with was in France

Bideford - Twinning But the story goes back much further, 500 years, to the mysterious disappearance of a colony of more than 100 people on Roanoke Island, many of whom were migrants from Bideford

Bideford - Art The Burton Art Gallery is an art Gallery in the town it has collections on various things, such as Bideford’s Heritage which includes clay pipes and tea caddies in the collection. The art gallery features a lot of work by local artists featuring local heritage, local landscapes and local interests.

Bideford - Bideford Film Society
The Bideford Film Society was set up in 2001 and they got a grant from the Bridge Trust and Bideford Town Council. The Bideford Film Society shows films just after their cinema release, the films they screen are either screened at Kingsley School or in the Devon Hall at Bideford College.

Bideford - Markets The medieval market was held near to where the bottom of the High Street is today. The current Pannier Market has been there since 1884 and consists of a large market hall which as well as markets hosts boxing matches and other events and butchers row, which is now made up of small shops, galleries and butchers. A farmers market takes place on the quay on nearly every Saturday throughout the summer. A Continental Market also visits Bideford annually, market traders from France, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Holland, Poland and other countries come to sell products on Bideford quay.

Bideford - Shopping Bideford has many small shops and galleries. Atlantic Village is an outlet shopping centre on the western outskirts of the town. It has over thirty retail outlets and an adventure park called Atlantis.

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