1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Financial & Managerial Accounting The Basis for Business Decisions FOURTEENTH EDITION Williams Haka Bettner Carcello

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin COST-VOLUME- PROFIT ANALYSIS Chapter 20

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to answer questions such as:  How much must I sell to earn my desired income?  How will income be affected if I reduce selling prices to increase sales volume?  What will happen to profitability if I expand capacity? Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to answer questions such as:  How much must I sell to earn my desired income?  How will income be affected if I reduce selling prices to increase sales volume?  What will happen to profitability if I expand capacity? Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO1 To explain how fixed, variable, and semivariable costs respond to changes in the volume of business activity.

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Number of Local Calls Monthly Basic Telephone Bill Total fixed costs remain unchanged when activity changes. Your monthly basic telephone bill probably does not change when you make more local calls. Fixed Costs

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Number of Local Calls Monthly Basic Telephone Bill per Local Call Fixed costs per unit decline as activity increases. Your average cost per local call decreases as more local calls are made. Fixed Costs

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Minutes Talked Total Long Distance Telephone Bill Total variable costs change when activity changes. Your total long distance telephone bill is based on how many minutes you talk. Variable Costs

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Minutes Talked Per Minute Telephone Charge Variable costs per unit do not change as activity increases. The cost per long distance minute talked is constant. For example, 10 cents per minute. Variable Costs

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Mixed costs contain a fixed portion that is incurred even when facility is unused, and a variable portion that increases with usage. Example: monthly electric utility charge  Fixed service fee  Variable charge per kilowatt hour used Semivariable Costs (Mixed Costs)

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Variable Utility Charge Activity (Kilowatt Hours) Total Utility Cost Total mixed cost Fixed Monthly Utility Charge Slope is variable cost per unit of activity. Semivariable Costs (Mixed Costs)

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Cost Behavior Summary

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO2 To explain how economies of scale can reduce unit costs.

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Economies of Scale Number of Local Calls Monthly Basic Telephone Bill per Local Call Fixed costs per unit decline as activity increases. Recall our earlier telephone example.

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Economies of Scale Economies of scale are most apparent in business with high fixed costs. Airlines Oil Refineries Steel Mills Utility Companies

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Economies of Scale Economies of scale are most apparent in business with high fixed costs. Airlines

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Activity Cost Total cost remains constant within a narrow range of activity. Stair-Step Costs

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Activity Cost Total cost increases to a new higher cost for the next higher range of activity. Stair-Step Costs

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Total Cost Relevant Range A straight line closely (constant unit variable cost) approximates a curvilinear variable cost line within the relevant range. Volume of Output Curvilinear Cost Function Curvilinear Costs

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO3 To prepare a cost-volume-profit graph.

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Volume in Units Costs and Revenue in Dollars Revenue  Starting at the origin, draw the total revenue line with a slope equal to the unit sales price. Total fixed cost  Total fixed cost extends horizontally from the vertical axis. Preparing a CVP Graph

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Total cost Volume in Units Costs and Revenue in Dollars Total fixed cost Break- even Point Profit Loss  Draw the total cost line with a slope equal to the unit variable cost. Revenue Preparing a CVP Graph

22. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO4 To compute the contribution margin and explain its usefulness.

23. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The break-even point (expressed in units of product or dollars of sales) is the unique sales level at which a company neither earns a profit nor incurs a loss. Computing Break-Even Point

24. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Contribution margin is amount by which revenue exceeds the variable costs of producing the revenue. Computing Break-Even Point How much contribution margin must this company have to cover its fixed costs (break even)? Answer: $30,000 How much contribution margin must this company have to cover its fixed costs (break even)? Answer: $30,000 How many units must this company sell to cover its fixed costs (break even)? Answer: $30,000 ÷ $20 per unit = 1,500 units How many units must this company sell to cover its fixed costs (break even)? Answer: $30,000 ÷ $20 per unit = 1,500 units

25. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin We have just seen one of the basic CVP relationships – the break-even computation. Break-even point in units = Fixed costs Contribution margin per unit Finding the Break-Even Point Formula for Computing Break-Even Sales (in Units) Unit sales price less unit variable cost ($20 in previous example)

26. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The break-even formula may also be expressed in sales dollars. Break-even point in dollars = Fixed costs Contribution margin ratio Contribution margin per unit Unit sales price Formula for Computing Break-Even Sales (in Dollars)

27. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Computing Break-Even Sales ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to break even? a. 100,000 units b. 40,000 units c. 200,000 units d. 66,667 units ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to break even? a. 100,000 units b. 40,000 units c. 200,000 units d. 66,667 units

28. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to break even? a. 100,000 units b. 40,000 units c. 200,000 units d. 66,667 units ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to break even? a. 100,000 units b. 40,000 units c. 200,000 units d. 66,667 units Unit contribution = $5.00 - $3.00 = $2.00 Fixed costs Unit contribution = $200,000 $2.00 per unit = 100,000 units Computing Break-Even Sales

29. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Use the contribution margin ratio formula to determine the amount of sales revenue ABC must have to break even. All information remains unchanged: fixed costs are $200,000; unit sales price is $5.00; and unit variable cost is $3.00. a. $200,000 b. $300,000 c. $400,000 d. $500,000 Use the contribution margin ratio formula to determine the amount of sales revenue ABC must have to break even. All information remains unchanged: fixed costs are $200,000; unit sales price is $5.00; and unit variable cost is $3.00. a. $200,000 b. $300,000 c. $400,000 d. $500,000 Computing Break-Even Sales

30. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Use the contribution margin ratio formula to determine the amount of sales revenue ABC must have to break even. All information remains unchanged: fixed costs are $200,000; unit sales price is $5.00; and unit variable cost is $3.00. a. $200,000 b. $300,000 c. $400,000 d. $500,000 Use the contribution margin ratio formula to determine the amount of sales revenue ABC must have to break even. All information remains unchanged: fixed costs are $200,000; unit sales price is $5.00; and unit variable cost is $3.00. a. $200,000 b. $300,000 c. $400,000 d. $500,000 Unit contribution = $5.00 - $3.00 = $2.00 Contribution margin ratio = $2.00 ÷ $5.00 =.40 Break-even revenue = $200,000 ÷.4 = $500,000 Unit contribution = $5.00 - $3.00 = $2.00 Contribution margin ratio = $2.00 ÷ $5.00 =.40 Break-even revenue = $200,000 ÷.4 = $500,000 Computing Break-Even Sales

31. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO5 Determine the sales volume required to earn a desired level of operating income.

32. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Break-even formulas may be adjusted to show the sales volume needed to earn any amount of operating income. Unit sales = Fixed costs + Target income Contribution margin per unit Dollar sales = Fixed costs + Target income Contribution margin ratio Computing Sales Needed to Achieve Target Operating Income

33. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to earn operating income of $40,000? a. 100,000 units b. 120,000 units c. 80,000 units d. 200,000 units ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to earn operating income of $40,000? a. 100,000 units b. 120,000 units c. 80,000 units d. 200,000 units Computing Sales Needed to Achieve Target Operating Income

34. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to earn operating income of $40,000? a. 100,000 units b. 120,000 units c. 80,000 units d. 200,000 units ABC Co. sells product XYZ at $5.00 per unit. If fixed costs are $200,000 and variable costs are $3.00 per unit, how many units must be sold to earn operating income of $40,000? a. 100,000 units b. 120,000 units c. 80,000 units d. 200,000 units = 120,000 units Unit contribution = $5.00 - $3.00 = $2.00 Fixed costs + Target income Unit contribution $200,000 + $40,000 $2.00 per unit Computing Sales Needed to Achieve Target Operating Income

35. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin What is our Margin of Safety? Margin of safety is the amount by which sales may decline before reaching break-even sales: Margin of safety provides a quick means of estimating operating income at any level of sales: Margin of safety = Actual sales - Break-even sales Operating Margin Contribution Income of safety margin ratio =×

36. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin What is our Margin of Safety? ADM contribution margin ratio is 40 percent. If sales are $100,000 and break-even sales are $80,000, what is operating income? Operating Margin Contribution Income of safety margin ratio ==×× Operating Income = $20,000 ×.40 = $8,000

37. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO6 To use the contribution margin to estimate the change in operating income caused by a change in sales volume.

38. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin What Change in Operating Income Do We Anticipate? Once break-even is reached, every additional dollar of contribution margin becomes operating income: ADM expects sales to increase by $15,000 and has a contribution margin ratio of 40%. How much will operating income increase? Change in operating income = $15,000 ×.40 = $6,000 Change in Change in Contribution operating income sales volume margin ratio =×

39. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO7 To use CVP relationships to evaluate a new marketing strategy.

40. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Consider the following information developed by the accountant at Speedo, a bicycle retailer: Business Applications of CVP

41. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Should Speedo spend $12,000 on advertising to increase sales by 10 percent? Business Applications of CVP

42. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 550 × $300 $80K + $12K No, income is decreased. 550 × $500 Business Applications of CVP Should Speedo spend $12,000 on advertising to increase sales by 10 percent?

43. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Now, in combination with the advertising, Speedo is considering a 10 percent price reduction that will increase sales by 25 percent. What is the income effect? Business Applications of CVP

44. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 625 × $300 $80K + $12K Income is decreased even more. 625 × $450 Now, in combination with the advertising, Speedo is considering a 10 percent price reduction that will increase sales by 25 percent. What is the income effect? 1.25 × 500 Business Applications of CVP

45. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business Applications of CVP Now, in combination with advertising and a price cut, Speedo will replace $50,000 in sales salaries with a $25 per bike commission, increasing sales by 50 percent above the original 500 bikes. What is the effect on income?

46. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The combination of advertising, a price cut, and change in compensation increases income. 750 × $325 $92K - $50K 750 × $450 Business Applications of CVP Now, in combination with advertising and a price cut, Speedo will replace $50,000 in sales salaries with a $25 per bike commission, increasing sales by 50 percent above the original 500 bikes. What is the effect on income? 1.5 × 500

47. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  Different products with different contribution margins.  Determining semivariable cost elements.  Complying with the assumptions of CVP analysis. Additional Considerations in CVP

48. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO8 To use CVP when a company sells multiple products.

49. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales mix is the relative combination in which a company’s different products are sold. Different products have different selling prices, costs, and contribution margins. If Speedo sells bikes and carts, how will we deal with break-even analysis? Sales mix is the relative combination in which a company’s different products are sold. Different products have different selling prices, costs, and contribution margins. If Speedo sells bikes and carts, how will we deal with break-even analysis? CVP Analysis When a Company Sells Many Products

50. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Speedo provides us with the following information: CVP Analysis When a Company Sells Many Products

51. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The overall contribution margin ratio is: = 48% (rounded) CVP Analysis When a Company Sells Many Products $265,000 $550,000

52. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Break-even in sales dollars is: = $354,167 (rounded) CVP Analysis When a Company Sells Many Products $170,000.48

53. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Learning Objective LO9 To determine semivariable cost elements.

54. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Matrix, Inc. recorded the following production activity and maintenance costs for two months: Using these two levels of activity, compute:  the variable cost per unit.  the total fixed cost.  total cost formula. The High-Low Method

55. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  Unit variable cost = = = $0.90 per unit   in cost  in units $3,600 4,000 The High-Low Method

56. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  Unit variable cost = = = $0.90 per unit  Fixed cost = Total cost – Total variable cost   in cost  in units $3,600 4,000 The High-Low Method

57. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  Unit variable cost = = = $0.90 per unit  Fixed cost = Total cost – Total variable cost Fixed cost = $9,700 – ($0.90 per unit × 9,000 units) Fixed cost = $9,700 – $8,100 = $1,600   in cost  in units $3,600 4,000 The High-Low Method

58. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  Unit variable cost = = = $0.90 per unit  Fixed cost = Total cost – Total variable cost Fixed cost = $9,700 – ($0.90 per unit × 9,000 units) Fixed cost = $9,700 – $8,100 = $1,600  Total cost = $1,600 + $.90 per unit   in cost  in units $3,600 4,000 The High-Low Method

59. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The High-Low Method If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the variable portion of sales commission per unit sold? a. $.08 per unit b. $.10 per unit c. $.12 per unit d. $.125 per unit If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the variable portion of sales commission per unit sold? a. $.08 per unit b. $.10 per unit c. $.12 per unit d. $.125 per unit

60. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the variable portion of sales commission per unit sold? a. $.08 per unit b. $.10 per unit c. $.12 per unit d. $.125 per unit If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the variable portion of sales commission per unit sold? a. $.08 per unit b. $.10 per unit c. $.12 per unit d. $.125 per unit The High-Low Method $4,000 ÷ 40,000 units = $.10 per unit

61. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The High-Low Method If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the fixed portion of the sales commission? a. $ 2,000 b. $ 4,000 c. $10,000 d. $12,000 If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the fixed portion of the sales commission? a. $ 2,000 b. $ 4,000 c. $10,000 d. $12,000

62. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the fixed portion of the sales commission? a. $ 2,000 b. $ 4,000 c. $10,000 d. $12,000 If sales commissions are $10,000 when 80,000 units are sold and $14,000 when 120,000 units are sold, what is the fixed portion of the sales commission? a. $ 2,000 b. $ 4,000 c. $10,000 d. $12,000 The High-Low Method

63. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin  A limited range of activity, called the relevant range, where CVP relationships are linear.  Unit selling price remains constant.  Unit variable costs remain constant.  Total fixed costs remain constant.  Sales mix remains constant.  Production = sales (no inventory changes). Assumptions Underlying CVP Analysis

64. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Ethics, Fraud, and Corporate Governance Some industries, such as the airline industry are characterized by high fixed costs, namely investments in equipment. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires public companies to disclose material changes in these fixed costs within four business days after they occur.

65. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin End of Chapter 20