1. World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water WMO OMM WMO www.wmo.int Climate Services, Food Security, and Farmers Robert Stefanski Chief Agricultural Meteorology Programme

2. WMO OMM 2 World Meteorological Organization United Nations agency for weather, climate, hydrology and water resources and related environmental issues. 189 Members from National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) 10 major scientific & technical programmes (Secretariat) 8 Technical Commissions advise & guide activities of programmes (Experts) 6 Regional Associations involved in implementation

3. WMO OMM 3 WMO Technical Commissions Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM) Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) Commission for Climatology (CCl) Commission for Hydrology (CHy) Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO) Joint WMO-IOC Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM)

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7. 7 Projections of Future Changes in Climate

8. WMO OMM 8 Projections of Future Changes in Climate Projected warming in 21st century expected to be: – greatest over land and at most high northern latitudes; and – least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean

9. WMO OMM 9 Global Potential Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture Globally, the potential for food production is projected to increase with increases in range of 1- 3°C, but above this range, food production is projected to decrease. At lower latitudes, especially in the seasonally dry and tropical regions, crop productivity is projected to decrease even small temperature increases (1-2°C), Crop productivity is projected to increase slightly at mid- to high latitudes up to 1-3°C depending on the crop, and then decrease beyond that in some regions.

10. WMO OMM 10 Global Potential Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture Increases in the frequency of droughts and floods projected to affect local crop production negatively, especially in subsistence sectors at low latitudes. Due to warmer and more frequent hot days and nights, projected to have increased insect outbreaks impacting agriculture, forestry and ecosystems. Adaptations such as altered cultivars & planting times allow low- & mid- to high-latitude cereal yields

11. WMO OMM 11 Adaptation Measures to Climate Change Changing planting dates; Planting different varieties or crop species; Development and promotion of alternative crops; Developing new drought and heat-resistant varieties; More use of intercropping; Using sustainable fertilizer and tillage practices (improving soil drainage, no-till, etc) Improved crop residue and weed management; More use of water harvesting techniques, Better pest and disease control for crops;

12. WMO OMM 12 Adaptation Measures to Climate Change Development of early-warning systems and protection measures for natural disasters (droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, etc); Develop of risk management tools Implementing new or improving existing irrigation systems (Reducing water leakage, soil moisture conservation - mulching); Improved livestock management (Providing housing and shade, change in stocking rate, altered grazing and rotation of pasture); More use of agroforestry practices; Improved forest fire management (altered stand layout; dead timber salvaging; clearing undergrowth; prescribed burning);

13. WMO OMM 13 Impact of Agrometeorogical services

14. WMO OMM 14 Key Questions in AgroMeteorology  What are the weather / climate events that impact agricultural decision-making?  How to relate weather / climate information to meaningful agricultural actions / practices?

15. WMO OMM 15 Users of Agrometeorological Information Any agricultural decision-maker:  International officials (i.e. Red Cross, WFP, UN)  Government officials  Extension agents  Farmers, ranchers, foresters, fishers  Media  General public

16. WMO OMM 16 Economic impact using 3-7 Day Weather Forecasts in India Crop Station name % change in cost of Prod. (per acre) % change in crop yield (per acre) % change in profit (per acre) Cotton Hissar Coimbatore 1 -4 14 16 10 16 Rice Ludhiana Kalyani -6 -3 9 21 18 29 Wheat Ludhiana -6917 Mustard Hissar -3813

17. WMO OMM 17 Climate Services and Agrometeorology Historical Climate Data Crop Information Basic Soil Information Simple Crop Model Crop Advice for Rural Farmers

18. WMO OMM 18 2009 Seminar - Mali Met Service Presentation

19. WMO OMM 19 2009 Seminar – Farmers ask Questions

20. WMO OMM 20 2009 Seminar – Demonstration of Raingauge

21. WMO OMM 21 Distribution of Rainguages to Nigerian Farmers

22. WMO OMM 22 “ Agriculture in Mali” in Climate Risk Management in Africa: Learning from Practice. Hellmuth, M.E., Moorhead, A., Thomson, M.C., and Williams, J. (eds) 2007 IRI Crop yields and farm incomes for farmers taking management decisions with and without agrometeorological information, in the 2003–2004 season.

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24. WMO OMM 24 www.wamis.org

25. WMO OMM 25 Global Framework on Climate Services (GFCS)

26. WMO OMM 26 Global Framework for Climate Services WORLD CLIMATE CONFERENCE - 3 Geneva, Switzerland 31 August–4 September 2009 Goal: –Enable better management of the risks of climate variability and change and adaptation to climate change at all levels, through development and incorporation of science-based climate information and prediction into planning, policy and practice.

27. WMO OMM 27 Why a Framework for Climate Services? Many countries lack the infrastructural, technical, human and institutional capacities to provide high-quality climate services. Infrastructural Capacities of Countries as of Aug 2010 to provide Basic, Essential, Full and Advanced Climate Services.

28. WMO OMM 28 Why a Framework for Climate Services? Climate services do not get the last mile to those who need them the most.

29. WMO OMM 29 Priorities Agriculture Disaster risk reduction Water Health

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31. World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water WMO OMM WMO www.wmo.int Thank You rstefanski@wmo.int www.wmo.int/agm