1. 1 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. CHAPTER 8 Market Classes and Grades of Livestock, Poultry, and Eggs

2. 2 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Determination of Value of Meat Products 1.Palatability – flavor, tenderness, juiciness 2.Lean to fat ratio or fat composition 3.Presentation – packaging, storability, attractiveness 4.Convenience – ease of preparation

3. 3 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Commodity  Definition: undifferentiated good offered for sale.  Commodities tend to use grading systems to categorize product into uniform groups.

4. 4 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Grading versus Inspection  Grading  Segregate into market classes based on a visual assessment of standards  Voluntary  USDA – Meat Grading and Certification branch  Inspection  Assure wholesomeness and safety of the food supply  Mandatory  USDA – Food Safety and Inspection Service

5. 5 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Quality versus Yield Grades Quality  Estimate of palatability  Based on two factors: maturity and marbling  Examples: Beef – Prime, Choice, Select, etc.  Examples: Pork – Acceptable/Unacceptable  Example: Eggs – AA A Yield  Estimate of cutability or the % of BCTRC from the major wholesale cuts  Based on REA, BF, wt, or %KPH fat  Example: Beef – 1,2,3,4,5  Example: Pork – U.S. #1,2,3,4

6. 6 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Beef Yield Grades and BCTRC Yields Yield GradeBCTRC (%) 1.054.6 1.653.3 2.052.3 2.651.0 3.050.0 3.648.7 4.047.7 4.646.4 5.045.4

7. 7 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Quality and Yield Grades – Mature Beef Class or KindQuality GradesYield Grades Steer and heiferPrime, Choice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility, Cutter, Canner 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 CowChoice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility, Cutter, Canner 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 BullockPrime, Choice, Select, Standard, Utility 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 BullNo designation1, 2, 3, 4, 5

8. 8 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Quality and Yield Grades – Veal and Calves Class or KindQuality GradesYield Grades VealPrime, Choice, Select, Standard, Utility ----- CalfPrime, Choice, Select, Standard, Utility ----

9. 9 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Feeder Animals  Those animals that are entering the feeding or finishing phase of production.  These animals are not ready for harvest and are evaluated based on their predicted ability to gain, remain healthy, and to reach desirable compositional endpoints.

10. 10 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Feeder Grades Utilized to predict feeding performance and market weight at harvest Frame size – large, medium, and small Thickness – 1, 2, 3, 4 (see Tables 8.9 and 8.10 in your book) The cattle industry is most likely to use feeder grades

11. 11 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Determining Value of Live Animals Weight Thriftiness Composition Freedom from defects/injury/disease Breed/genetics Age Reproductive status

12. 12 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Market Animals Those animals that have been fed and managed for harvest. Steers – 1200 pounds – 13 months old Swine – 270 pounds – less than 180 days old Lambs - 130 pounds – 8 months of age Broilers – 5 pounds – 45 days Turkey – 32 pounds – 18 weeks old

13. 13 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Changes in Composition (YG%) 1980199020002004 Yield Grade 1 271110 Yield Grade 2 2946 42 Yield Grade 3 58434041 Yield Grade 4 10327 Yield Grade 5 1<11

14. 14 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Breeding Animals Value is determined based on an assessment of the genetic merit of an animal as well as their adaptability to a particular environment.

15. 15 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Effect of Shrink on Price 1300 pound feedlot cattle are sold weighed at the feedyard with a 4% shrink. 1300 x.04 = 52 lbs 1300-52 = 1248 lbs Payment will occur on a 1248 pound basis

16. 16 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Standard Shrink in Cattle Calves (less than 550)– 2% Feeders (600 to 800) – 3% Fed cattle (greater than 1000) – 4%

17. 17 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Focus on Productivity and Efficiency  Why?  Increasing food demand with stable to declining resource availability  Dramatic migration of human resources away from farming  Profit motive forces a focus on cost and size efficiencies  Consumers want relatively cheap, convenient, and highly available sources of food

18. 18 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Examples of Productivity Changes Average beef production per cow grew from 435 lbs in 1975 to 625 lbs in 2000 Average beef carcass weights increased from 575 lbs in 1975 to 730 lbs in 2000 During the same time period the total U.S. cattle inventory declined by almost 30 million head

19. 19 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slaughter Weights of Large, Medium and Small-Frame Cattle (Choice Grade) FrameSteersHeifers Large>1,250>1,150 Medium1,100 – 1,2501,000 – 1,150 Small<1,100<1,000

20. 20 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Expected Yields from 4 Pork Lean Cuts and Preliminary Grade base on BF Thickness GradesYield (%)Backfat Thickness (in.) U.S. no. 1>53.0<1.00 U.S. no. 250.0-52.91.00-1.24 U.S. no. 347.0-49.01.25-1.49 U.S. no. 4<47.0>1.5

21. 21 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. USDA Maturity Groups, Sex Classes, and Grades of Slaughter Sheep Maturity GroupSex ClassQuality GradeYield Grade Lamb Ewe, Wether, Ram Prime, Choice, Good, Utility 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Yearling Mutton Ewe, Wether, Ram Prime, Choice, Good, Utility 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Mutton Ewe, Wether, Ram Prime, Choice, Good, Cull 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

22. 22 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Consumer Weight Classes of Eggs SizeOunces (per dozen) Jumbo30 Extra Large27 Large24 Medium21 Small18 Peewee15

23. 23 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Quality Grades

24. 24 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Yield Grades

25. 25 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Relationship Between Marbling, Maturity and Quality Grade

26. 26 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Beef Quality Grades

27. 27 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Location of Fat Measurement on Beef Carcass

28. 28 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Grid Used to Measure Ribeye Area

29. 29 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Beef Yield Grades

30. 30 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Percent of Cattle by Yield Grade

31. 31 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Feeder Cattle Grades – Frame Size

32. 32 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Feeder Cattle Grades – Muscle Thickness

33. 33 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Five Degrees of Muscle Associated with Pork Grades

34. 34 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Break and Spool Joints

35. 35 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Lamb Yield Grades

36. 36 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Poultry Grades

37. 37 Scientific Farm Animal Production, 10 th ed Field and Taylor Copyright ©2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. USDA Egg Quality Grade Shields