1. Biology EOC (End of Course Exam)

2. Biology EOC Test Info Tests will be May 5th – 8th 2014
2 class periods to finish exam.
Consists of computerized Multiple Choice questions and short written response
EOC will be graded instantly.
Counts 15% toward total year grade!!

3. Biology EOC Details Broad areas of emphasis.
Design and conduct investigations to demonstrate an understanding of scientific inquiry.
Develop an understanding of the physical, chemical, and cellular basis of life.
Develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time.
Develop an understanding of the unity and diversity of life.
Develop an understanding of ecological relationships among organisms.

4. Test-Taking Strategies
1. How would you describe your test-taking skills? List the strategies that you already know and use when you are taking a test.
2. How do you feel when you are taking a test? List test-taking behaviors you use when preparing for and taking a test that do not contribute to (but distract from) your success.
3. What would you change to allow you to achieve higher scores?

5. Strategies to Use Day Before
Review what you have learned from the study guide.
Review general test-taking strategies.
Review content-specific information that shows connections and relationships (lists, diagrams, graphic organizers, etc.).
Focus attention on the areas that you are most in need of improving.
Read short summaries of each area to revitalize your memory.
Get a good night’s sleep.

6. Strategies to Use Morning Of
Eat a good breakfast (protein = long-lasting energy).
Dress appropriately (dress comfortable and in layers; hot or cold extremes can affect your performance).
Arrive for the test on time.
Skim notes, text, vocabulary, and/or diagrams.

7. Strategies to Use During Exam
Focus on the test. Block out what is going on around you. Listen carefully to directions.
Budget your time. Allocate time to work on each question.
Take a quick break. Put your pencil down, take a deep breath, close your eyes – one minute – then resume.
Practice positive self-thinking.
Mark key ideas in your test booklet and come back to them.
Read each question completely. Read answer choices completely. Follow the process of selection and elimination.
Check your answers when you have finished the test.

8. 1. Characteristics and Interactions of Living Organisms
All living organisms progress through a life cycle.
For example:
Egg and sperm (each haploid, carrying half the DNA number of the parent) unite (fertilization) making one unique diploid cell.
This diploid cell (zygote) undergoes mitosis during the development of the embryo and makes more cells.
Cells begin to differentiate and specialize in structure and function to become all of the types of cells unique to that organism. (kidney, heart, liver, skin, muscle, etc)

9. Haploid, Diploid, Mitosis, and Meiosis
Somatic (Body cells) contain a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes. (In humans the 2n number is 46.)
Body cells reproduce through the process of mitosis.
Mitosis is a process in which one parent cell divides producing a second genetically identical daughter cell with the same number of chromosomes. (one cell becomes two)

10. Haploid, Diploid, Mitosis, and Meiosis, cont
Sex cells (gametes) contain a haploid (n) number of chromosomes. (In humans the n number is 23.)
Gametes undergo the process of meiosis to produce four genetically unique daughter cells each with a haploid number of chromosomes.
Meiosis II

11. Practice Questions During embryonic development, cells
Differentiate but numbers stay the same
Become specialized in structure and function
Both A and B
Neither A and B
Which process allows for an organism to decrease the number of chromosomes during gamete formation?
Budding
Conjugation
Meiosis
Mitosis

12. Practice Questions As organisms grow and develop,
their cells increase in number
their cells become differentiated
their cells may change in structure in order to do different jobs.
all of the above are true
What is the result of the fertilization of an egg?
It restores the diploid number of chromosomes.
It deletes polypeptide chains in the chromosomes.
It gives offspring the same number of chromosomes as the parents.
Both a. and c. are correct

13. Practice Questions
A zygote of a certain species contains 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do the gametes of this species contain? 8 16 32 48
A somatic (body) cell with 12 chromosomes undergoes mitosis twice. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have? 6 12 24

14. 2. Cell Structure and Function
Cells are made up of smaller components, (organelles) each with their own structure and function.

15. Organelle (Structure)
Function
Nucleus
Contains the DNA which controls ever aspect of the cell.
Mitochondria
Breaks down organic compounds (food) during cellular respiration to provide the cell with molecules of energy called ATP.
Ribosome
Spherical organelle responsible for the building of proteins following the instructions of mRNA.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & smooth)
System of tubes and sacks which aid in production, processing and transport of proteins throughout the cell. Smooth ER also builds lipids.

16. Organelle (Structure)
Function
Golgi
Apparatus
System of folded sacks that process and package proteins to be used inside or outside the cell.
Chloroplast
Organelle that converts sunlight energy into chemical energy (glucose / carbohydrates) during photosynthesis.
Plasma
(Cell)
Membrane
A flexible, phospholipid bilayer surrounding the outside of the cell and some of the organelles. Regulates what enters and exits.
Cell Wall
Rigid layer surrounding the plasma membrane in plants and bacteria.

17. Water is important to cells for many reasons:
--as a buffer for body temperature
--provides a soluble environment for chemical reactions
--serves as a reactant in chemical reactions
--provides hydration that maintains cell turgidity
--maintains protein shape.

18. Practice Questions
Which structure is primarily responsible for directing all processes of a eukaryotic cell?
chloroplast
lysosome
mitochondria
nucleus
A cell wall and a cell membrane both
Are made of a rigid layer that surrounds the nucleus
Are both outer coverings that give the cells shape
Are made of two layers of phospholipids
Acts as a pressure vessel

19. Practice Questions
A particularly active cell might contain large numbers of
chromosomes.
mitochondria.
vacuoles.
walls.
All cells have
a covering called a plasma membrane that surrounds the cell and controls what information and materials enter and leave it.
an internal fluid that gives shape to the cell and supports the other things within it.
either a central zone or a nucleus that contains the cell’s genes.
All of the above

20. Which of the following is NOT true about the importance of water to living things?
It provides an acidic environment for chemical reactions within cells.
It moderates body temperature
It helps maintain cell shape.
It acts as a solvent.

21. 3. Cell Transport
The cell’s plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Passive transport requires the cell to use no energy and moves particles across the membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.

22. Small, uncharged particles such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide diffuse freely through the phospholipid molecules of the plasma membrane.
Some larger molecules (such as glucose) use protein channels to enter or exit the cell, moving from high to low concentration, in a process called facilitated diffusion.
Passive transport will continue until equilibrium is reached with equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.

23. Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from high to low concentration.
If a solution is hypertonic (above strength / more solute) to a cell, water will move out of the cell and into the solution.
If a solution is hypotonic (below strength / less solute) to a cell, water will move out of the solution and into the cell.

24. Active Transport
Active transport requires the cell to use energy to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Plasma membrane contains gated protein channels which require energy to open in order to allow certain molecules to pass through.
Endocytosis is the movement of large particles into the cell requiring the cell to use energy.
Exocytosis is the movement of large particles out of a cell requiring the cell to use energy.

25. Practice Questions
A molecule can easily pass through the selectively permeable membrane of an animal cell. Which of these most likely describes the molecule?
The molecule is very small and charged.
The molecule is very large and charged.
The molecule is very small and not charged.
The molecule is very large and not charged.
What is the main function of a selectively permeable cell membrane?
Storage of organic molecules
Storage of water
Synthesizes protein molecules within the cell
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

26. Practice Questions
What will happen if an animal cell that has a solute concentration of 5% is placed in a 1% saltwater solution?
It will shrink because there is less water outside of the cell than there is on the inside.
It will burst because there is more water on the outside of the cell than there is on the inside.
It will burst because there is more water on the inside of the cell than there is on the outside.
It will remain the same size because there is an equal amount of water on the inside and outside of the cell.

27. 4. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process used by plants and some bacteria to convert the sun’s energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (glucose).
6CO2 + 6H2O light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
In plants this energy conversion takes place in the chloroplast.

28. Photosynthesis, cont.
Chloroplasts contain pigments that absorb the sun’s energy. The most common pigment is chlorophyll.
After a series of reactions, the cell produces carbohydrates that can then be used by the plant for energy or stored (often in the form of a starch).

29. Factors That Affect Photosynthesis
Light Intensity – rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases until a maximum rate is reached.
Carbon Dioxide Level – rate of photosynthesis will increase as the level of CO2 increases until a maximum rate is reached.
Temperature – rate of photosynthesis will increase as the temperature increases to a point. If the temperature is too high the rate of photosynthesis will slow or even stop.

30. Practice Questions An increase in the amount of oxygen in the air.
Which of these could lead to a higher rate of photosynthesis in a plant?
An increase in the amount of oxygen in the air.
A decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air.
An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.
A decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.
An important atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis is
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water

31. 5. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process in which all types of cells convert food (organic compounds / glucose) into small bites of energy called ATP that can be used by the cell.
The mitochondria is the organelle in which cellular respiration takes place.
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration has two phases: glycolysis then aerobic respiration.

32. Factors That Affect Cellular Respiration
Most cells undergo aerobic respiration therefore the lack of oxygen will decrease or stop the rate of cellular respiration.
Most cells prefer a narrow temperature range. If cells are too cold or too warm the rate of cellular respiration will decrease or stop.

33. Practice Questions
Which of these best explains the difference between the way animals and plants exchange gases with their environments?
Animals use only photosynthesis, while plants use both photosynthesis and respiration.
Animals use only respiration, while plants use both photosynthesis and respiration
Animals use both photosynthesis and respiration, while plants use only respiration.
Animals use both photosynthesis and respiration, while plants use only photosynthesis.

34. How would a moderate rise in temperature most likely affect the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
The rates of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis would increase.
The rates of both cellular respiration and photosynthesis would remain constant.
The rate of photosynthesis would increase, and the rate of cellular respiration would decrease.
The rate of photosynthesis would decrease, and the rate of cellular respiration would increase.
A substance produced during photosynthesis that is used for completion of cellular respiration is
Water b. ATP c. Oxygen d. Carbon dioxide

35. Which statement describes a way in which photosynthesis differs from cellular respiraiton?
Photosynthesis consists of two phases.
Photosynthesis releases oxygen.
Photosynthesis provides energy for the cell.
Photosynthesis is carried out in one specific organelle.
When cells break down food molecules, energy
is released all at once.
is released entirely as body heat into the environment.
is temporarily stored in ATP molecules.
causes excitation of electrons in chlorophyll molecules.

36. Which of the following is the best explanation for the presence of both chloroplasts and mitochondria in plant cells?
In the light, plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. In the dark, they are heterotrophs.
If plants cannot produce enough ATP in the process of photosynthesis to meet their energy needs, they can produce it in aerobic respiration.
Sugars are produced in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later use, converted to other chemicals, or broken down in aerobic respiration to yield ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs.
The leaves and sometimes the stems of plants contain chloroplasts, which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of these plant parts. The roots of plants contain mitochondria, which produce ATP to meet the energy needs of these plant parts.

37. 6. Structure of DNA
DNA is a double helix made of subunits called nucleotides.
Nucleotides have three parts:
deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate group,
nitrogen base.
There are four nitrogen bases which are paired by their chemical attraction:
Adenine – Thymine
Cytosine – Guanine
Hydrogen bonds hold the bases together and are easily broken when the cell copies its DNA during replication (mitosis and meiosis).

38. Function of DNA
The number and order of the nitrogen bases found in DNA is unique for each organism.
DNA is passed from parent to offspring during reproduction and therefore the characteristics of each organism is heritable.
The order of the bases controls the order of amino acids that make proteins used by each organism.
Whatever an organism is or does is controlled by a protein.

39. Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the series of steps that starts with DNA and ends with a string of amino acids called a protein.
mRNA (messenger RNA) is a chemical messenger made by copying the segment of DNA that contains the instructions to make a specific protein needed by the organism.
mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome.
Three bases of the mRNA are called a codon and each codon codes for a particular amino acid.

40. The ribosome moves along the mRNA reading the codons and adding the appropriate amino acid.
Once the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the amino acid chain is released and moved into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) then golgi apparatus.
In the ER and golgi apparatus, the protein is modified and folded into its final three dimensional structure.
The completed protein is packaged by the golgi and can be used by the cell or released into the bloodstream to be used by other cells.

41. Practice Questions
What kind of bonds connect the base pairs in a DNA molecule?
Covalent bonds
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Strong bonds
Which of these shows the steps by which proteins are coded and synthesized?
RNA  DNA  protein
DNA  RNA  protein
Protein  RNA  DNA
Protein  DNA  RNA

42. Which description best explains the relationship between the nucleus, the ribosome, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in making a protein?
Nucleus makes protein  protein winds through the ER  protein folds into its active shape
Nucleus directs ER to assemble the protein  ribosomes surround protein  protein folds into its active shape.
ER creates protein  DNA in the nucleus codes for ribosomes to surround protein  protein.
DNA in the nucleus codes for protein  protein assembled on ribosomes and moves to ER  protein folds into its active shape.

43. Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of
protein b. carbohydrate c. enzyme d. DNA
Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of
Amino acids b. nucleotides
Fatty acids d. monosaccharides
During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be
TTGCATG
AAGTATC
CCTAGCT
GGATCGA

44. Which of these are true about DNA?
Contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
Often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a code
Is a long term storage of genetic information
all of the above

45. Mistakes in DNA Replication
DNA replication (copying of DNA / chromosomes) happens every time a cell divides during mitosis and meiosis.
Mistakes made during replication cause mutations.
Mutations result in an incorrect order of nucleotide bases which may result in an incorrect amino acid added when a protein is made.

46. Practice Questions Which of these may result from a mutation?
A change in the sequence of base pairs
A change in the production of enzymes
A change in the number of chromosomes within a cell.
All of the above.

47. 7. Genetics and Punnett Squares
Chromosomes are long pieces of DNA that contain the code controlling all characteristics / traits of an organism.
Chromosomes are passed from parent to offspring in the gametes (egg and sperm). This is called heredity.
Characteristics come in more than one form called alleles. For example hair color has an allele for brown, black, red, blond, etc.
Punnett squares can be used to predict the probability of offspring having a particular allele.

48. An individual is homozygous for a particular trait, both of their alleles (the one they got from their mom and the one they got from their dad) are the same. (AA or aa)
An individual is heterozygous for a particular trait, their alleles are different. (Aa)
Capital letters represent the dominant form of the allele and lower case letters represent the recessive form of the allele.

49. The genotype ratio for the offspring would be:
This Punnett square shows the possible offspring from two parents who are both heterozygous for trait “A”.
The genotype ratio for the offspring would be:
25% AA: 50% Aa: 25% aa or
1 AA: 2 Aa: 1 aa
The phenotype ratio would be:
75% (dominant trait ): 25% (recessive)
Or 3 (dominant) : 1 (recessive)

50. Practice Questions
In a certain plants, long seed pods (L) are dominant to short pods (l). Which cross will produce the greatest number of genotypic and phenotypic variations?
ll x ll b. Ll x Ll c. Ll x LL d. Ll x ll
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). Cross a brown fur rabbit with a heterozygous black rabbit.
What is the genotype ratio:
What is the phenotype ratio:

51. Misc. Questions
A strand of DNA is exposed to intense heat. Which of these best describes what will happen to the strand of DNA?
The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be broken.
More nitrogen base pairs will add on to the DNA molecule.
The chemical bonds of the DNA molecule will be strengthened.
The nitrogen base pairs in the DNA molecule will switch places.
Which statement best describes an advantage of asexual reproduction for a population of organisms?
The pop can increase in number more rapidly.
The pop can develop greater genetic diversity.
The pop can maintain the same number of organisms.
The pop can adapt more quickly to a changing environment.

52. The chromosome structure in a cell accounts for genetic variation based on the order of its
Sugar groups b. Nitrogen bases
Hydrogen bonds d. phosphate groups
Organisms try and maintain homeostasis. Which of these is incorrect about homeostasis?
Heat is produced during cellular respiration which helps body temperature remain stable.
Water moves from areas of high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
Water moves from areas of low concentration to high concentration until equilibrium is reached.
T / F Asexual reproduction results in greater genetic variation of the offspring?

53. Biology EOC Changes in Ecosystems and Interactions of Organisms with Their Environments (Strand 4)
Practice Questions
The gopher snake uses its glottis to produce a hiss that sounds similar to a rattlesnake’s rattle. What is the most likely reason a gopher snake would do this?
To attract prey
To attract a mate
To confuse predators
To increase adrenaline flow.

54. A population of fish that live in a river require clear, fresh water to survive. A factory releases tons of sediment which is suspended in the river. Which of these most likely will happen to the fish population?
The fish will quickly reproduce and then die.
The fish will move to another river.
The fish will adapt to living in the muddy water.
The fish will decrease in number because of the water quality.

55. The Japanese Beetle is a pest that poses a threat to many Missouri plants. Which fate of the Japanese Beetle would result if it could no longer reproduce?
The species would mutate.
The species would increase.
The species would become extinct.
The species would continue to thrive.

56. Polar bears swim across large expanses of ocean while hunting for seals, their main source of food. The bears use sea ice as resting spots during their long swims. However, the sea ice is rapidly melting as a result of global warming. Which statement describes what most likely will happen if global warming continues at its present rate?
Polar bear and seal populations will both increase.
Polar bear populations will decrease, and seal populations will increase.
Polar bear populations will increase, and seal populations will decrease.
Polar bear populations will decrease, and seal populations will remain the same.

57. The loss of habitat in a forest region has caused some animal species to become extinct, while others survive. The process by which some animal species survive and others do not in a changing environment is best explained by?
Natural selection.
Law of segregation.
Biological magnification.
Alteration of generations.

58. A flood destroys the majority of the trees in a state park
A flood destroys the majority of the trees in a state park. Which effect will this most likely have on secondary consumers in that ecosystem?
The amount of available energy will increase because there will be fewer predators in the forest.
The amount of available energy will increase because there will be less competition from producers.
The amount of available energy will decrease because fewer primary consumers will survive the lack of vegetation.
The amount of available energy will remain constant because secondary consumers are not reliant on primary consumers.

59. Many birds on the Galapagos Islands lay eggs in nests on the ground
Many birds on the Galapagos Islands lay eggs in nests on the ground. Non-native species, such as pigs and rats, eat the eggs as a regular part of their diet, drastically reducing the reproduction rate of the native birds. What most likely would be the outcome for native birds in the next century without intervention?
They would become extinct.
They would rebound and thrive.
They would remain at their current levels.
They would evolve a new way to reproduce.

60. A new species of snake was introduced to a tropical region
A new species of snake was introduced to a tropical region. Scientists then noticed a steady decline in the presence of field mice and an increase in the number of snakes. Which of these is the most likely explanation about why the population size of each animal changed?
The snakes introduced to the region dominated the habitat, forcing the mice to find another place to live.
The mice became prey to the introduced snakes, allowing the snake population to increase but decreasing the mice population.
The snakes introduced to the region competed with the mice for food, allowing the snake population to increase but decreasing the mice population.
The people in the surrounding area set traps that killed the mice, allowing the snakes to live without any predators and therefore to increase in number.

61. Which of these best describes mutualism?
a relationship between two species where one species benefits and the other is not affected.
A relationship between two species where neither species benefits.
A relationship between two species where both species benefit.
A relationship between two species where one species benefits and the other species is harmed.

62. Which abiotic factor limits the habitats in which plants can grow?
The presence of a parasite.
The rainfall in the area.
The presence of herbivorous animals.
The concentration of microbes in the soil.
One species of Galapagos finches, the cactus finch, eats insects off cactus plants. A disease kills off most of the cacti in the Galapagos Islands. Which of these most likely would happen to the carrying capacity of the island?
It would increase a small amount since the insect population would decrease.
It would remain about the same since the finches would change to a different diet.
It would increase exponentially since the insects would have limited places to hide.
It would decrease considerably since the finches are specifically adapted to their niche.