1. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 1 UCB, November 4, 2003 THEMIS Mission Operations Manfred Bester THEMIS Mission Operations Manager

2. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 2 UCB, November 4, 2003 Mission Operations  Overview − Mission Operations Concept − Ground System Requirements − Lessons Learned − Ground System Design − Mission Operations Center − Software Tools − Berkeley Ground Station − Mission Operations − Staffing − Telemetry Recovery − NTIA License − IT Security

3. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 3 UCB, November 4, 2003 Mission Operations Concept  Space Segment − 5 Spinning Probes in High Earth Orbits − Simultaneous Release from LV − Initial Orbits Close to Nominal Mission Orbits of Probes 3 and 4 − Probes 1, 2 and 5 Move to Nominal Mission Orbits Prior to First Tail Season − Store and Forward Strategy for Science Data Recovery − All Probes Share Same Frequency − Contact One Probe at a Time  Ground Stations − Berkeley Ground Station as Prime Facility − Wallops GN or Universal Space Network as Secondary − TDRSS SSA for Ascent, Maneuver and Contingency Support  Operations Centers − Mission and Science Operations Centers Co-located at U.C. Berkeley

4. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 4 UCB, November 4, 2003 Ground System Requirements  Requirements for the THEMIS Ground System − Support of Simultaneous Mission and Science Operations for 5 Probes − Complete Flight Dynamics Support Including Maneuver Planning − Automated Pass Scheduling Functions − Secure Network Links to Local and Remote Ground Stations − Completely Isolated Network Link for TDRSS Support − Real-time Command and Control Functions − Generation of Command Loads − Databases for Probe Configuration & Status and Telemetry History − Web Based Tools for Probe Status Displays and Trend Plots − Detection of Limit Violations and Anomalies − Emergency Notification via Pagers and Email

5. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 5 UCB, November 4, 2003 Lessons Learned  Lessons Learned from Previous Berkeley Missions − EUVE, FAST, RHESSI, CHIPS  Lessons Learned from Existing Constellation Missions − Globalstar − Iridium − Cluster − Consult with Operations Personnel − Find Out How Other Constellation Missions Operate − Consult with Scientists Working with Cluster Data  Take Advantage of Ideas and Concepts and Lessons Learned − THEMIS Ground System Design − THEMIS Mission and Science Operations

6. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 6 UCB, November 4, 2003 Constellation Operations  Questions for Globalstar / Iridium / Cluster Operations Personnel − How are operations of a satellite constellation organized? − How many engineers and other support staff are required and what are their team roles? − Which software tools are used operationally? − What types of databases are used and what are their benefits and shortfalls? − How are individual spacecraft monitored and commanded? − How are operational status and configuration of each spacecraft maintained? − How are ground images of the flight software organized? − How is the overall constellation organized and maintained? − How are orbit maneuvers planned and executed? − Are spacecraft grouped operationally, e.g. by functions or by orbit plane or otherwise? − How are data flows organized? − How are individual spacecraft distinguished for telemetry and commanding? − Which spacecraft designators are used and how are they used? − What types of communications are used between control centers and ground stations? − Which operations functions are automated and to what extent? − How are anomalies reported and tracked? − How are contingencies handled? − What is planned for end-of-life operations? − What pitfalls or sources of confusion were encountered and how should they be avoided? − What lessons were learned and what should be done differently?

7. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 7 UCB, November 4, 2003 Globalstar Lessons Learned  Globalstar Lessons Learned − Test Each Spacecraft Carefully Before Launch − Assembly Line Approach Led to Multiple Wrongly Wired Magnetometers − Test Flight Software Patches Carefully Prior to Uplink − Assembly Line Approach Caused Multiple Spacecraft to Lose Attitude Control Before Automated Uplink Process Could Be Stopped − Employ Modern Automation Techniques − Save Operations Costs and Enhance Reliability − Provide Diagnostic Tools − Flexible Tools Allow Engineers and Scientists to Compare Trends Between Different Spacecraft − Some Great Engineering Ideas Turned Out to NOT Be Useful − Plan for Contingencies on Routine Basis in Daily Pass Schedules − Plot Trends for Multiple Spacecraft on Top of Each Other − Allow Operators to Set Their Own Limits − Sophisticated Database to Track Anomalies Across Satellites

8. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 8 UCB, November 4, 2003 Operations Org Chart  All Aspects of THEMIS Operations Are Performed at UCB / SSL  NASA / GSFC GNCD Provides Support in Form of Consulting

9. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 9 UCB, November 4, 2003 Ground System Block Diagram

10. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 10 UCB, November 4, 2003 MOC Expansion Expanded 900 ft 2 MOC Facility at SSL

11. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 11 UCB, November 4, 2003 Mission Operations Center BGS Antenna, Equipment Racks and FOT Workstations at the Mission Operations Center

12. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 12 UCB, November 4, 2003 Overview of Software Tools ToolDeveloperFunctionPlatformComments GTDSGSFCEphemeris Generation, Orbit Determination SolarisIn Operation at MOC Already GMANGSFCManeuver PlanningSolaris, LinuxIn Operation at MOC Already MSASSGSFCAttitude DeterminationWindowsIn Operation at MOC Already SatTrackBTSOrbit Analysis, Pass Scheduling, Networking, Visualization Solaris, LinuxIn Operation at MOC Already ITOSHammersProbe Command and ControlSolaris, LinuxIn Operation at MOC Already MPSGSFCCommand Load GenerationSolarisIn Operation at MOC Already BEARSUCBEmergency Response SystemSolaris, LinuxUnder Development at SSL APGENJPLTask and Event SchedulingSolarisIn Operation at MOC Already GMSECGSFCData Mining & PagingSolarisOption to Be Investigated TAPSGSFCTrend AnalysisSolaris (?)Option To Be Investigated TeamTrackTeamShareAnomaly TrackingWindowsOption To Be Investigated

13. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 13 UCB, November 4, 2003 Operational Databases  Probe Configuration and Status Database − Relational Database − Complete State-of-health History in Raw Telemetry Units for Each Probe − Complete Probe Configuration History (Tables, ATS Loads, FSW Versions) − Support of Trend and Command History Analysis  Pass Scheduling Database − SatTrack Provides Automated Pass Scheduling Functions − Ingests Confirmed Schedules of Remote Facilities (NASA/GN, USN, Others)  Interfaces Between Databases − Scheduling System Needs to Know Various Probe Status Parameters

14. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 14 UCB, November 4, 2003 Probe Identification Type of Probe ID Assigned By Purpose Assignment Type Location Where Stored at MOC Location Where Stored on Probe CCSDS V1 Command SCID (e.g. 0x151) WDC-A- R&S Command Verification Permanent With Probe Bus Probe Specific ITOS & MPS Configuration Probe Uplink Card (Jumpers) CCSDS V1 Telemetry SCID (e.g. 0x151) WDC-A- R&S Telemetry Verification Permanent With Probe Bus Probe Specific ITOS Configuration & Ground Station FEPs Probe BAU EPROM Satellite Catalog Number (e.g. 29501, Assigned after launch) NORAD Identification of Orbital Elements Permanent With Probe Bus Flight Dynamics Object Database N/A International Designator (e.g. 2006-001A, Assigned after launch) COSPAR/ WWAS & NORAD International Reference Permanent With Probe Bus Flight Dynamics Object Database N/A Probe Bus Name (e.g. THEMIS 1 and Red Probe) UCB Constellation Management Permanent With Probe Bus Ground System Database N/A Constellation Designator (e.g. P1) UCB Constellation Management Dependent on Probe Assignment in Constellation Ground System Database N/A

15. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 15 UCB, November 4, 2003 Probe Identification Matrix Probe Bus Name CCSDS V1 Command SCID CCSDS V1 Telemetry SCID Satellite Catalog Number International Designator Constellation Designator THEMIS 1 Red Probe 0x151 295012006-001AP1 THEMIS 2 Yellow Probe 0x152 295022006-001BP2 THEMIS 3 Green Probe 0x153 295032006-001CP3 THEMIS 4 Blue Probe 0x154 295042006-001DP4 THEMIS 5 Purple Probe 0x155 295052006-001EP5 THEMIS SIM White Probe 0x156 N/A Simulator Note: Only the Constellation Designator in the last column will change as a result of a probe replacement.

16. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 16 UCB, November 4, 2003 Usage of Probe Identifiers  Telemetry File Naming Conventions Format: − FACILITY.PROBE_BUS_NAME.TLM_VCN.YYYY_DDD_HHMMSS.dat Examples: − BGS.THEMIS_1.TLM_VC0.2007_028_060312.dat − BGS.THEMIS_1.TLM_VC1.2007_028_060312.dat − BGS.THEMIS_1.TLM_VC2.2007_028_060312.dat − BGS.THEMIS_1.TLM_VC3.2007_028_060312.dat

17. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 17 UCB, November 4, 2003 ITOS Requirements  General ITOS Requirements − Same as with FAST and RHESSI (See ITOS Standard Documentation)  Performance Improvements − Configuration Monitors Built Into ITOS  Implementation of New Features − Collected Suggestions from Flight Controllers and Other Missions − New Desirable Features for Constellation Operations − Batch Mode for Telemetry Processing (May Be Possible Already Via Scripting) − Telemetry Server for Distribution of Data Streams to Multiple ITOS Clients − Joined Status Displays for Multiple Probes − New Features Hammers Is Planning to Incorporate − Arrays of Mnemonics (1-D or 2-D) − Event Displays

18. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 18 UCB, November 4, 2003 ITOS Configuration  Dedicated Workstations − Basic Configuration Is One Dedicated ITOS System per Probe − Additional Flexibility Built Into System for Dynamic Allocation of Workstations − TLM/CMD Connections Initiated from ITOS to Ground Station Supporting Probe − Multiple Backup Systems  Future Options for System Automation − Envision Upgrade Path Towards More Complex Future Missions − ITOS Connects to SatTrack Gateway Server (SGS) − ITOS Specifies Mission (e.g. THEMIS) and Leaves Individual Object and Facility Unspecified − SGS Assigns Individual ITOS System to a Particular Pass Support − Routing of Telemetry and Command Connections Via FrameLink or Netcat − ITOS in Turn Loads TLM/CMD Databases and Procs and Supports Pass

19. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 19 UCB, November 4, 2003 ITOS Page Layout  Rules for ITOS Telemetry and Status Page Layout − Uniform Page Header − Probe Identifier with Unique Color Coding − UNIX System Time − Probe System Time − Uniform Page Layout (Sub-headers, Data Columns, Grouping of Parameters) − Usage of SI Units Only (V, A, s, m, kg, G, N, …) − Assigned Button Colors for Particular Functions − Usage of Templates − Incorporate Feedback from Flight Controllers

20. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 20 UCB, November 4, 2003 Sample ITOS Page Standard Features: −Color Coding for Probe Identification −UTC and Spacecraft Clocks −Telemetry Update Status −Unified Color Scheme −Color Coding for Green, Yellow and Red Limits −Button Control to Start Additional Pages −Button Control to Start Configuration Monitors

21. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 21 UCB, November 4, 2003 TLM & CMD Naming Conventions  Rules for Telemetry & Command Naming in ITOS Database − Identify Subsystems in Telemetry Mnemonics and Commands − Use CLEAR Commands Only to Clear Counters or Status Flags − Use RESET Commands Only to Power Cycle or Reboot Subsystems

22. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 22 UCB, November 4, 2003 Mission Control Network Network Architecture All Ground Stations Connect to Different Ports on IP Router to Establish TLM and CMD Socket Connections Router Patches Socket Connections Through to ITOS Systems, Process Controlled by Automated Scheduling System

23. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 23 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Scheduling  Advanced Pass Scheduling Functions − SatTrack Generates View and Link Access Periods for All Satellite / Ground Station Combinations − Population of Scheduling Database with View and Link Access Periods − Scheduling Engine Calculates Support Priorities by Maximizing a Figure of Merit − Interfaces to Remote Scheduling Offices Allow for Automated Schedule Exchange − Submission of Proposed Straw Man Schedule − Reception of Confirmed Pass Supports − Iterative Procedure to Satisfy As Many Constraints As Possible − Freeze Committed Passes − Extraction of Confirmed Multi-mission Schedule from Database − Generation and Distribution of Schedule Files (SMEX Schedule, SGS Timeline File) − Real-time Scheduling of Passes via SGS Client Connections

24. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 24 UCB, November 4, 2003 SatTrack Scheduling Engine  SatTrack Scheduling Engine Calculates Support Priorities − Conflict Resolution Will Be Based on Calculated Priorities − Operators Have Override Privileges for Emergencies  Calculated Priorities Based on Various Constraints − Geometric View and Dynamic Link Access Periods − Interference Avoidance When Using Multiple Ground Stations Simultaneously − Probe Status (Memory Fill, Anomalous Conditions, Emergencies) − Time Since Last Contact for Each Spacecraft or Probe − Minimum Number of Contacts Per Day and Per Orbit − Maximum Time Between Contacts for Each Spacecraft or Probe − Maximum Transmit Time Per Pass, Per Day and Per Orbit − Data Replay Requests − Assignment of Fixed Priorities in Special Cases − Ground Station Availability (Other Spacecraft Supports, Downtime, Staffing)

25. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 25 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Scheduling System Multi-mission Pass Scheduling System

26. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 26 UCB, November 4, 2003 Remote Probe Status Monitoring  SatTrack Interface to ITOS Data Point Server (DPS) − SatTrack DPS Client Program Connects to SatTrack Gateway Server − One Instance of DPS Client Can Handle Multiple Probes Simultaneously − Receives Pass Schedule Information in Real-time − Connects/Disconnects to/from ITOS Supporting a Pass for a Given Probe − Connects/Disconnects Can Be Interleaved for Multiple ITOS Systems − Polls Values for List of Mnemonics and Saves Values in Local Database − Periodically Updates Probe Specific Web Pages − Generates Constellation Overview Page with Hyperlinks to Pages for Individual Probes − Probe Status (Overall Green/Yellow/Red Condition, Battery Charge, SSR Fill, Tank Pressure, Various Temperatures, Attitude, Spin Rate, Instrument Status) − Last and Next Contact (Via Facility X, Schedule Obtained from SGS) − Performs Yellow and Red Limit Checking with FOT Notification

27. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 27 UCB, November 4, 2003 Probe Clock Adjustment  Proposed Probe Clock Adjustment − ITOS Compares Frame Transmit and Receive Times and Adjusts Clock Delta in Real-time During Pass Supports: ΔT = T frame received − T frame transmitted − T range delay − ATS Loads Include Commands to Periodically Adjust Clock Drift in Small Steps − Requires Time Stamping of Telemetry Transfer Frames on Probes and by All Ground Stations (Ideally with Accuracy of 1 ms) − Requires Range Information from SatTrack Gateway Server for Specified Time (e.g. Frame Receive Time at Ground Station) When Requested by ITOS − Requires Certain Flight Software Features − Capability to Set Coarse UTC Offset to Mission Elapsed Time − Capability to Set Fine UTC Offset (Small Delta to Coarse Offset) − Capability to Add Small Delta Offsets from ATS Load to Eliminate Clock Drift − Scheme with Both Ground Controlled and ATS Controlled Options Allows for Maintaining Probe Clocks Well Within Required Absolute Accuracy of ± 500 ms

28. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 28 UCB, November 4, 2003 Ground Controlled Clock Adjustment

29. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 29 UCB, November 4, 2003 Attitude Determination  Real-time, Ground-based and On-orbit Attitude Determination − Slew Monitoring During Maneuvers for Fault Protection − Data Provided by Sun Sensor and Inertial Reference Units − Sensor Data Processed in Real-time − Cross-calibration of Sun Sensor with FGM Near Perigee  Post-pass, Ground-based Attitude Determination − Required for Science Data Analysis − Data Provided by Sun Sensor and FGM − Determine Attitude Accurately for Selected Orbit Arcs and/or Back Orbits − Attitude Solution Obtained with MSASS

30. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 30 UCB, November 4, 2003 Attitude Determination  Pre-flight Testing and Validation − Representative Command Profile Required to Perform End-to-end Tests for All Operational Scenarios for Each Probe − Post-test Analysis of VirtualSat Archive Files and Captured Telemetry Used to Validate ACS Flight Software for Thruster Control, On-orbit Attitude Determination and Fault Protection − Captured Telemetry from VirtualSat Used to Validate Ground-based Attitude Determination Software  On-orbit Calibration − Test Fire All Thrusters and Assess Attitude and Spin Rate Changes − Align Magnetometer to Probe Spin Axis With 0.5 deg Accuracy − Average IRU Measurements to Determine Bias − Perform Trending Analysis to Determine Precession Versus Time

31. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 31 UCB, November 4, 2003 Orbit Determination  Orbit Determination Based on Two-way Doppler Tracking − Ground Stations Provide Tracking Data in Universal Tracking Data Format (UTDF) − One Station Sufficient to Provide Required Accuracy (10 km at Perigee, 100 km at Apogee) − Data from Multiple Stations Yield Better Solution − UTDF Files Processed with GTDS to Obtain New Orbit Solutions − New State Vectors Used in Turn to Generate Updated Planning Products  Digital Range Measurement System − Technology Demonstration During Second Year − Measures Round-trip Delay of Digital Data Stream − SatTrack/ODT Performs DRMS Based Orbit Determination Functions

32. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 32 UCB, November 4, 2003 DRMS Design

33. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 33 UCB, November 4, 2003 DRMS Implementation  DRMS Hardware Implementation − Use Dual PTP NTs for Simultaneous Probe Commanding and DRMS Operations − Uplink Uses Two Subcarriers at 16 kHz and 128 kHz − Downlink Uses Two Subcarriers at 1024 and 128 kHz − Pseudo-random Sequence of 2 16 -1 Bits Transmitted at Rate of 32 kbps − Unique Range Determination to 300,000 km or 47 R E  DRMS Software Development − Simultaneously Read Outgoing and Incoming Data Streams − Perform Automated Shifting of Delay to Find Maximum Correlation − Restrict Delay Search Once Delay Found with High Confidence  Required BGS System Upgrades for DRMS − DRMS Hardware (Linux Computer) for Signal Analysis − Upgrade of Existing Backup PTP (Subcarrier Demodulator and Bit Synchronizer) − Additional Matrix Switch for Baseband Signal Routing − DRMS Software for Determination of Range Delay

34. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 34 UCB, November 4, 2003 BGS Requirements  RF Compatibility Close S-Band Forward and Return Link with Any Probe at Any Range, Using Appropriate Data Rates Circular Polarization (RHCP or LHCP) Figure of Merit (G/T) > 24.0 dB/K at 5 º Elevation Transmit Power 200 W (EIRP > 66 dBW) Two-way Doppler Tracking Digital Range Measurement System as Technology Demonstration  Data Compatibility Viterbi Plus Reed-Solomon Decoding and Error Correction CCSDS Transfer Frame Processing Telemetry Data Routing by Virtual Channel IDs Command Forwarding BGS 11-m Antenna

35. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 35 UCB, November 4, 2003  Apogee Labs Doppler Tracking System − Carrier Doppler Measurement System (CDMS) and Track Data Formatter (TDF) − Time Code Generator Needs 10 pps Output  ACU-21C Hardware and Software Upgrades − Parallel Interface for Fast Angle Readout  Transmit Chain Upgrade − SSPA Upgrade to 250 W − Low-loss Transmit Coax Cable − Additional Fiber-optic Cables  Optional Receive Chain Upgrade − Replace LNAs to Improve G/T  Pedestal Environment Monitor  Backup Power Via Existing Generator and UPS BGS Upgrades

36. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 36 UCB, November 4, 2003 BGS Control Software Upgrades  SatTrack/MCS Software Upgrades − Control Apogee Labs Model 7701 CDMS − Control Apogee Labs Model 2208 TDF − Control DRMS System Via Network Sockets − Control Dual SSPAs via RS-232 Interfaces − Read-out Second Environment Monitor in Pedestal − Read-out Status from Multiple UPS

37. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 37 UCB, November 4, 2003 Doppler Tracking Tests  Rationale for Doppler Accuracy Tests − THEMIS Orbit Determination Based on Two-way Doppler Tracking − Doppler Accuracy Difficult to Predict for THEMIS Ground System Configuration − Doppler Signal Extracted from 2 nd Local Oscillator in Telemetry Receivers − Perform Tests to Establish Baseline to Predict Accuracy of Range Rate Measurements as Function of CNR for BPSK and PSK/PCM/PM Modulation − Predicted Accuracy Will Tell How Many Tracking Arcs Are Needed to Perform Orbit Determination for the THEMIS Mission − Required Accuracy 10 km at Perigee and 100 km at Apogee  Test Sequence − Functional Checkout of Equipment − Long Loop RF Tests with Unmodulated Carrier and Telemetry Playback − On-orbit Tests with FAST Spacecraft

38. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 38 UCB, November 4, 2003 Test Schematic Schematic Diagram for Doppler Accuracy Tests

39. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 39 UCB, November 4, 2003 Sources for Doppler Errors  Potential Sources for Doppler Errors − Synchronization of Timing Signals Is Very Critical − All Reference Signals Need to Be Generated By the Same Source − 5 MHz RF Reference for Phase-lock Loops − 10 pps Clock for Triggering Measurements − IRIG-B Time Code for Time Tagging Measurements − Lack of Synchronization Causes Errors − Lack of Synchronization Between 5 MHz Reference and 10 pps Clock Causes Doppler Bias and Large Fluctuations in Doppler Signal − Lack of Accuracy in IRIG-B Time Code Causes Doppler Bias − Receivers Need to Lock Cleanly − Receiver Firmware Can Cause False or Imperfect Lock Under Certain Conditions Related to Remote Control Functions − False Lock Causes Large Doppler Bias

40. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 40 UCB, November 4, 2003 Loop-back Doppler Tests  Initial Loop-back Tests Performed − Unmodulated Carrier Signal − Transmitted at Low Power from Test Dipole at Apex of 11-m Reflector − RHCP Receiver in BPSK Mode, 3 kHz Loop Bandwidth − AGC Level in Receiver 20 dB − Recorded Tracking Data for 6 min − Measured Average Range Rate: −0.00000470 km/s − Measured Range Rate Error (1-σ): 0.00012869 km/s

41. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 41 UCB, November 4, 2003 Loop-back Doppler Tests

42. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 42 UCB, November 4, 2003 On-Orbit Doppler Tests  Initial On-Orbit Test Performed With HESSI Spacecraft − HESSI Has a Transceiver – Two-way Doppler Tracking Not Possible − TDF Was Configured for Two-way Mode in Preparation of Tests with FAST − Graphs on Following Slides Are Therefore Not Scaled Properly − Test However Demonstrates Functionality of System − Brief Data Drop-out Occurred When Spacecraft Switched Antennas (2 nd Graph)

43. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 43 UCB, November 4, 2003 On-Orbit Doppler Tests

44. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 44 UCB, November 4, 2003 On-Orbit Doppler Tests

45. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 45 UCB, November 4, 2003 Mission Operations Phases  Launch & Early Orbit Operations − Probe and Instrument Checkout − Maneuver Operations for Initial Orbit Placement − Contingency Operations  Normal Operations − Science Data Acquisition − Maneuver Operations for Orbit Optimization − Contingency Operations  Mission Termination Operations − Maneuver Operations to Initiate Re-entry − Instrument Shutdown

46. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 46 UCB, November 4, 2003 L&EO Operations  Launch & Early Orbit Operations − Delta II Launch Sequence with Release of Probes − Round Robin State-of-Health Monitoring − Initial Attitude and Orbit Determination − Uplink of First Set of Command Loads to Each Probe − IDPU and FGM Power-up With Pre-deployment Calibration − Deployment of Magnetometer Booms − Cross-calibration of Magnetometers While Probe Separations Are Still Small − Systematic Instrument Power-up and Check-out − Test Fire and Calibrate Each Thruster on Each Probe − Spin Up to 30 r.p.m. with Calibration of Tangential Thrusters as Byproduct − Decision of Probe Placement − Discrete Pairs of Apogee and Perigee Maneuvers for Placement into Final Mission Orbits (Reorientation – Continuous Burn – Reorientation Sequence) − Maneuvers Performed While in Contact with Ground Stations and/or TDRSS

47. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 47 UCB, November 4, 2003 Launch & Early Orbit Profile 13-Oct-2006 23-Dec-2006

48. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 48 UCB, November 4, 2003 Maneuver Planning and Execution  Maneuver Planning and Execution − Determine Pre-maneuver State Vector and Probe Attitude − Perform Maneuver Analysis with Current and Target State Vectors − Verify Delta V Budget − Develop Detailed Thruster Firing Sequence − Perform Contact Schedule and Shadow Analysis − Validate Probe Configuration and Maneuver Sequence on Probe Simulator − Establish Two-way Communications with Probe − Turn off ESA and SST High-voltage Supplies, Place SST into Attenuated Mode − Uplink Command Sequence to Perform Reorientation and Orbit Maneuvers − Download and Verify Command Buffer − Verify Firing Attitude − Monitor Maneuver Execution in Real-time (Tank Pressure, Attitude, Temps.) − De-configure Probe Systems and Monitor Health and Safety − Determine New Orbit and Attitude

49. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 49 UCB, November 4, 2003 Flight Operations Functions Ground Operations Functions “Look Ahead” Orbit Propagation Indicates Upcoming Maintenance Maneuver is Desired Current/Desired Orbit/Attitude used in GMAN Specific Maneuver Events, Attitudes, and Durations Formulated Discrete Thruster Profile and Pulse Sequence Formed Discrete Stored Command Sequence Generated via MPS Upload TLM Table, Firing Sequence, & Downlink Rate Selection Offline Validation of Entire Stored Command Sequence Performed on Probe Hi-Fidelity Test-bed Power-up Gyro’s, Catalyst Bed Heaters (Pre- Heat) Downlink On- Board CMD Buffer Compare Flight to Ground Reference Image to Verify Proper Sequence Load Verify CMD & TLM link via GN, TDRSS, USN, or DSN Verify Current Attitude via Sun Sensor Data Verify Gyro Performance, Catalyst Bed Heater Functionality, Propellant Tank Pressure, Valve/Fuel Line Temperatures & States, and Pre- Maneuver Attitude Power-off Catalyst Bed Heaters Execute Burn Sequence Periodic Long- Term Calibration of Pulse Timing and Thruster Performance Monitor Key Temperatures, Attitude, and State Vector On-Board Failure Detection/Correction (FDC) Logic (gyro rates, sun-sensor attitude limits, etc) Aborts Sequence if Anomaly is Detected Power Down Gyros Verify Tank Pressure, General Probe Health & Safety, 2- Way Ranging Turn Off Transmitter Determine New Orbit and New Attitude Typical Maneuver Sequence

50. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 50 UCB, November 4, 2003 Instrument Commissioning  Instrument Commissioning 1.IDPU Turn-on As Soon As Probe Power System Is Stable and Temperature Below Maximum Operating Limit, Verification of Nominal Voltages and Currents, Command Communications and DCB Functionality 2.FGM Turn-on, Power Verification and Uplink of Parameter Load for 32 Hz Bx, By and Bz, Verification of Sensitivity Control on Each Axis, Select Sensitivity 3.EFI Turn-on, Power Verification and Configuration for 32 Hz E & B Sample Rates 4.SCM Turn-on, Power Verification and Activation of Calibration Sequence 5.Magnetometer Boom Deployment With FGM at 32 Hz Real-time Science TLM 6.SST Turn-on After Initial Outgasing Phase, Power Verification, High-voltage Ramp- up and Attenuator Functional Test 7.ESA Turn-on After Initial Outgasing Phase, Power Verification, Cover Release and High-voltage Ramp-up 8.EFI Spin Plane Boom Deployment − Procedure Controlled by IDPU 9.EFI Axial Boom Deployment − Procedure Controlled by IDPU

51. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 51 UCB, November 4, 2003 Normal Operations  Mission Planning During Normal Operations − Preparation of the Conjunction Season − Ground Station Contact Schedules  Probe Command and Control − Probe Health and Safety Monitoring − Recovery of Science and Engineering Data − Command Load Uplink Twice Per Week − Instrument Configuration and Data Trending  Attitude & Orbit Determination − Routinely Performed Multiple Times per Week  Maneuver Planning and Execution − Orbits of Probes 1,2,5 Adjusted Few Times Per Year to Optimize Conjunctions − Orbits of Probes 1 & 2 Adjusted Annually to Counteract Lunar Perturbations

52. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 52 UCB, November 4, 2003 MOC Staffing  MOC Staffing During Launch & Early Orbit Operations − UCB Flight Operations Team − 24 Hour Staffing with Prime and Secondary Shifts − Critical Commanding During Prime Shift Only − Swales and UCB Engineering Team on Console During Prime Shift − Instrument Scientists on Console During Instrument Commissioning  MOC Staffing During Normal Operations − THEMIS Follows FAST / RHESSI / CHIPS Model − Normal Operations Eventually Run with 8 x 5 Staffing − Lights-out Operations During Off-hours Successfully Demonstrated − Transition to Autonomous Operations After First Tail Season − Attitude & Orbit Maneuvers Always Treated as Special Operations

53. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 53 UCB, November 4, 2003 Telemetry Requirements  Baseline Requirements for Instrument and Probe Bus Data Recovery − Each Probe Accumulates Up to 750 Mbits of Instrument Data per Orbit − Data Compressed by Factor of 1.5−2.0 Prior to Transmission to the Ground − Apply 12% Overhead for CCSDS Formatting, 14% for RS Code Symbols − Resulting Science Telemetry Data Volume 480−640 Mbits / Orbit / Probe − Required Downlink Time 16−21 min Orbit / Probe at Data Rate of 512 kbps − Each Probe Bus Accumulates Up to 87 Mbits of Engineering Data per Orbit − Apply 12% Overhead for CCSDS Formatting, 14% for RS Code Symbols − Resulting Engineering Telemetry Data Volume 111 Mbits / Orbit / Probe − Required Downlink Time 4 min / Orbit / Probe at Data Rate of 512 kbps − BGS as Primary Ground Station with 1070 Passes / Year of 15−30 min Duration − Additional Secondary Network Stations Support 300 Passes / Year − Other BGS Tracking Passes Scheduled for Orbit Determination and Probe Monitoring − Contingency Passes Available (60−100 % Margin)

54. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 54 UCB, November 4, 2003 Science Modes & Data Compression  Science Modes − Slow Survey (SS) − Fast Survey (FS) − Particle Burst (PB) − Wave Burst (WB) − Mode Control Via ATS and/or On-board Triggers  Data Compression − Selectively Enabled / Disabled − Applied Prior to Downlink − Segmentation into 64 Byte Input Blocks − Output Blocks Are Variable in Length − Relatively Short Block Size Minimizes Impact from Bit Errors − Compression Factor of 1.5-2.0 Achievable − Depends on Instrument Data Type

55. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 55 UCB, November 4, 2003 Link Analysis Telemetry Link Frequency2234.0 MHz ModulationBPSK Probe Antenna Gain-3.0 dBic Probe EIRP2.5 dBW Range20,000 km Path Loss185.5 dB Polarization and Pointing Losses1.0 dB Ground Station G/T (11-m Antenna)24.0 dB/K Data Rate1024.0 kbps Bandwidth2048.0 kHz Coding Gain RS + Rate-1/2 Convolutional8.0 dB BER10 -6 Required Eb/No2.5 dB Predicted Eb/No9.5 dB Implementation Loss2.5 dB Link Margin4.5 dB Command Link Frequency2057.141667 MHz ModulationPCM/PSK/PM Ground Station Antenna Gain45.5 dB Ground Station EIRP (11-m Antenna)66.5 dBW Range197,000 km Path Loss204.6 dB Polarization and Pointing Losses1.0 dB Probe G/T-38.6 dB/K Data Rate1.0 kbps Bandwidth1.0 kHz Coding Gain0.0 dB BER10 -6 Required Eb/No10.5 dB Predicted Eb/No19.2 dB Implementation Loss2.5 dB Link Margin 6.2 dB

56. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 56 UCB, November 4, 2003 Telemetry Rates Downlink ModeScheduleDurationRangeModulationData Rate Stored Science and Engineering Downlink 1 x / Orbit / Probe30 min750 – 15,000 kmBPSK1,024 kbps Stored Science and Engineering Downlink 1 x / Orbit / Probe30 min2,500 – 20,000 kmBPSK512 kbps Stored Science and Engineering Downlink 1 x / Orbit / Probe30 min10,000 – 30,000 kmBPSK256 kbps Stored Science and Engineering Downlink 1 x / Orbit / Probe30 min20,000 – 40,000 kmBPSK128 kbps Real-time Engineering Downlink with Ranging 1 x / Day / Probe30 min30,000 – 60,000 km PCM/PSK/PM 1.024 MHz S/C 64 kbps Real-time Engineering Downlink with Ranging 1 x / Day / Probe30 min50,000 – 75,000 km PCM/PSK/PM 1.024 MHz S/C 32 kbps Real-time Engineering Downlink with Ranging 1 x / Day / Probe30 min65,000 – 100,000 km PCM/PSK/PM 1.024 MHz S/C 16 kbps Real-time Engineering Downlink with Ranging 1 x / Day / Probe30 min80,000 – 150,000 km PCM/PSK/PM 1.024 MHz S/C 8 kbps Real-time Engineering Downlink with Ranging 1 x / Day / Probe30 min120,000 – 200,000 km PCM/PSK/PM 1.024 MHz S/C 4 kbps Real-time Engineering Downlink via TDRSS Contingency & Real-time Maneuver Support 30 min5,000 – 42,500 km PCM/PSK/PM 1.024 MHz S/C 1 kbps

57. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 57 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Support Plan Baseline Probe Contact Schedule Day Number Modulo 4 Probe 1Probe 2Probe 3Probe 4Probe 5 1 Data Recovery 30 min Data Recovery 30 min Data Recovery 30 min 2 Tracking & Monitoring 30 min Tracking & Monitoring 30 min Data Recovery 30 min 3 Tracking & Monitoring 30 min Data Recovery 30 min 4 Tracking & Monitoring 30 min Tracking & Monitoring 30 min Data Recovery 30 min Blue: Required Passes for Recovery of All Telemetry Data at a Rate of 512 kbps Red: Additional Passes Available for Tracking and Probe Monitoring at Lower Data Rates

58. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 58 UCB, November 4, 2003 Ground Station Support  Ground Station Support Options − Option 1: − Berkeley, CA, 11-m (Primary) − Wallops Island, VA, 11-m (Secondary TLM/CMD)) − Poker Flat, Alaska, 11-m (Possible Back-up TLM/CMD) − Santiago, Chile, 9-m (Secondary TLM Only) − Hartebeesthoek, South Africa, 10-m (Secondary TLM Only) − Option 2: − Berkeley, CA, 11-m (Primary) − Dongara, Australia, 13-m (Secondary TLM/CMD) − South Point, Hawaii, 13-m (Secondary TLM/CMD) − North Pole, Alaska, 13-m (Back-up TLM/CMD)

59. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 59 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Requirements  Pass Requirements Per Mission Phase − L&EO 4 Months − First Year Science − Second Year Science THEMIS ProbeL&EO PassesFirst Year PassesSecond Year Passes 112092 2120183 3120365 4120365 5120365 Total6001370

60. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 60 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Schedule BGS & NASA/GN

61. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 61 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Schedule BGS & NASA/GN

62. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 62 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Schedule BGS & NASA/GN

63. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 63 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Schedule BGS & NASA/GN

64. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 64 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Schedule BGS & USN

65. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 65 UCB, November 4, 2003 Pass Schedule BGS & USN

66. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 66 UCB, November 4, 2003  NASA GN and SN Resource Requirements in PSLA − THEMIS PSLA Reviewed by GSFC/Code 450 − PSLA Under Code 450 Configuration Control − Compatibility Test Van for GN/SN End-to-end Testing  Additional Documentation Requirements − Detailed Mission Requirements – Draft at CDR − RF ICD (Ground to TDRSS) – Draft at CDR  Data Flows and Scheduling for Ground Testing & Mission Operations − Supported and Coordinated by GSFC/Code 450  Ground System Development − Support of Experiments with Berkeley Ground Station to Determine Accuracy of Two-way Doppler Tracking GSFC/Code 450 Support

67. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 67 UCB, November 4, 2003 NTIA License  NTIA License Status − Frequencies Tentatively Assigned by GSFC Spectrum Management Office − Identical Frequencies for All Probes − Telemetry: 2234.0 MHz − Command: 221 / 240 ∙ 2234.0 = 2057.141667 MHz − DoD Currently Reviews Frequency Assignment − BGS Interference Survey Has Been Performed – No Offending RF Sources − NTIA Forms Have Been Provided by All Ground Stations − Formal NTIA Stage 2 License Application Under Development − Application Will Be Submitted in Mid November 2003 − Stage 2 Approval With Confirmed Frequencies Expected by August 2004 − Transponders Are Long-lead Items and Need to Be Procured Sooner − Risk Is Tentatively Assigned Frequencies May Be Denied by Non-U.S. Members

68. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 68 UCB, November 4, 2003 Network Plan & IT Security  NASA Network Security Requirements Driven by NPG 2810.1, Security of Information Technology − GSFC IT Security Outlined in Document 290-004, IONet Access Protection Policy and Requirements − Establishes IT Network Systems Security Measures and Controls for Access to Critical NASA Resources  Documentation Requirements − Information Technology Security Plan, Risk Analysis and Contingency Plan  Closed IONet Security Compliance − Dedicated, Isolated Network and Workstations for TDRSS Access − Configuration Control by System Administrator − Network Certification and Scanning − Personnel Screening

69. THEMIS Mission Operations Peer Review Mission Operations − 69 UCB, November 4, 2003 Acronyms ATSAbsolute Time Sequence BEARSBerkeley Emergency & Anomaly Response System BFDSBerkeley Flight Dynamics System CDMSCarrier Doppler Measurement System COSPARCommittee for Space Research DRMSDigital Range Measurement System FGMFluxgate Magnetometer GMANGeneral Maneuver Program GMSECGoddard Mission Services Evolution Center GTDSGoddard Trajectory Determination System IRUInertial Reference Unit MSASSMulti-mission Spin Axis Stabilized Spacecraft RTSRelative Time Sequence SSPASolid State Power Amplifier TAPSTrending and Plotting System TDFTrack Data Formatter UTDFUniversal Tracking Data Format WDC-A-R&SWorld Data Center A for Rockets & Satellites WWASWorld Warning Agency for Satellites