1. Industrialization – late 19 th c. How did the government intervene to solve the problems of industrialization?

2. Theories: Summing Up CAPITALISMSOCIALISMCOMMUNISM On private property Individuals and businesses own private property The gov’t. controls major industries and individuals have private property The community owns all the property and means of production On progressSelf-interest = progress Combination of self- interest and communal production = progress The community producing for the common good = progress On CapitalistsCompete for consumer’s money State should protect consumers so that they have basics Capitalists take advantage of workers / community must protect workers On Competition Consumers compete for best goods at lowest price. Competition shapes the market. It’s necessary to insure that people have access to basics (housing, living wage, education & healthcare. Capitalism = unequal distrib. of wealth. It’s better to distribute goods according to each person’s needs On Gov’t.’s role Competition creates efficiency in business >> government should not intervene in business Competition on small scale is good; gov’t should distribute goods so that everyone has basics Gov’t. should distribute goods according to each person’s needs

3. Other schools of thought: Utopian Socialism: Robert Owen Socialism: Charles Fourier Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham

4. LABOR UNIONS AND REFORM LAWS UNIONIZATION UNIONS – COLLECTIVE BARGAINING – STRIKES SLOW PROGRESS – Overturned the Combination Acts (Britain) – 1824 – Right to strike and picket peacefully – 1875 (Britain) – Legal recognition of unions in USA since early 1800s – 1886 >> AFL (USA) LEGAL REFORM – Britain / USA Britain: 1832 >> Sadler Commission 1833 >> Factory Act (illegal to hire children under 9 yrs old; 9 – 12 no more than 8 hrs.; 13-17 no more than 12 hrs.) 1842 >> Mines Act – prevented women & children from working underground 1847 >> 10 Hrs. Act – 10 hr workday for women & children US: 1904>> Nat’l. Child Labor Cmte.-banned child labor (overturned by Sup Crt.)>>left to states

5. OTHER PIONEERS FOR SOCIAL REFORM JANE ADDAMS Women’s Rights Immigrant’s Rights; Seneca Fall Convention (1848) and Internat’l. Council for Women-1888 WILLIAM WILBERFORCE: Slavery >> Britain abolished Slave trade 1807; slavery 1833; US: 1865; PR: 1873; Cuba: 1886; Brazil: 1888 HORACE MANN: Public Education began by 1850s; W. Europe: late 1800s

6. FOR DISCUSSION: DID CONDITIONS IMPROVE IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY? WHY? HOW? HOW DID INDUSTRIALIZATION AFFECT GLOBAL ECONOMICS AND POLITICS? IN WHAT WAYS WAS THE WORLD / SOCIETY STILL DIVIDED?