1. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 1 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Imran Hussain University of Management and Technology (UMT) Lecture 5 Discipline of HCI Virtual University Human-Computer Interaction

2. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 2 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture Usability –Definition “Ensuring that interactive products are easy to learn, effective to user and enjoyable from the user’s perspective ( Preece etal)” –Usability Goals Effectiveness Efficiency Safety Utility Learnability Memorablity

3. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 3 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture User Experience –Definition –User Experience Goals Relationship of Usability and User Experience

4. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 4 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT User Experience Goals Satisfying Enjoyable Fun Entertaining Helpful Motivating Aesthetically Pleasing Supportive to Creativity Rewarding Emotionally Fullfilling

5. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 5 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture Relationship of Usability and User Experience

6. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 6 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture User Experience Goals Usability Goals

7. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 7 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Fun Emotionally fullfilling Rewarding Satisfying Entertaining enjoyable helpful Motivating Aesthetically pleasing Supportive of creativity Efficient to use Easy to remember Effective to use Easy to learn Safe to use Have good utility Usability Goals

8. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 8 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In the Last Lecture History and Evolution of HCI –1960’s Research –1970’s Technological Explosion –The Three Systems Dynabook Star Lisa

9. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 9 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Last Lecture’s Revelation “Don’t Make me THINK, is the key to a usable product”

10. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 10 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT In Today’s Lecture Usability and Quality Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI Disciplines contributing to HCI

11. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 11 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quote of the Day – Terry Winograd “HCI is the kind of discipline which is neither the study of humans nor the study of technology, but rather the bridging between the two. So you always have to have one eye open to the questions: –What can the technology do? –How can you build it ? –What are the possibilities? And one eye open to the question –What are people doing and how would this fit in –What would they do with it ? If you lose sight of either of those you fail to design well.. I think the challenge is to really keep knowledge of both the technology and the people playng ff against each other in order to develop new things”

12. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 12 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Usability and Quality

13. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 13 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality and Software What is Quality? –You like a product –Does not break down QA Teams

14. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 14 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is conformance to specifications (British Defense Industries Quality Assurance Panel)

15. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 15 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is conformance to requirements (Philip Crosby)

16. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 16 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is fitness for purpose or use (Juran)

17. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 17 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability, at low cost and suited to the market (Edward Deming)

18. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 18 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is synonymous with customer needs and expectations (R J Mortiboys)

19. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 19 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is meeting the (stated) requirements of the customer- now and in the future (Mike Robinson)

20. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 20 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacturing and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations by the customer (Armand Feigenbaum)

21. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 21 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs (ISO 8402 : 1994)

22. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 22 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is a Product?

23. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 23 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Product A generic term that refers to –Goods –Services Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious negative consequences

24. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 24 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT … implied needs must be turned into requirements … PMBOK

25. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 25 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Software Quality The extent to which a software product exhibits these characteristics –Functionality –Reliability –Usability –Efficiency –Maintainability –Portability

26. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 26 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Software QA Teams Only test requirements Customers and users

27. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 27 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT The Dual Nature of Usability Usability is both Strategic Tactical

28. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 28 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI

29. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 29 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is HCI? HCI is a large interdisciplinary area Emerging as specialty concern within several disciplines, each with different emphases –Computer science (application design and engineering of human interfaces) –Psychology (the application of theories of cognitive processes and the empirical analysis of user behavior) –Sociology and anthropology (interactions between technology, work, and organization) –Industrial design (interactive products)

30. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 30 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is HCI? HCI concerned with: –Joint performance of tasks by humans and machines –Structure of communication between human and machine –Human capabilities to use machines –Algorithms and programming of interfaces –Engineering concerns in designing and building interfaces –Process of design, specification and implementation –Design trade-offs

31. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 31 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What is HCI? Various aspects –Science Human capabilities to use machines –Engineering Building interfaces –Design Design tradeoffs

32. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 32 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Case Study – Ticketing System A small ticketing agency has many shops distributed throughout the country Feels the need to install efficient ticketing system, for survival Manual Issuing Procedure –Call airlines to check for vacant seats –Check with customer if the available seat is suitable –Then ticket is written out manually –Customer receipts and intinerary –Accounting for issued tickets every two weeks

33. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 33 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Case Study – Ticketing System - Research The research on existing ticketing systems reveal –Computers always going wrong –Lack of trust in computers –Staff unable to understand messages The Result –Sales figures had dropped and were disappointing –A large number of sales staff had left

34. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 34 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Ticketing System - Recommendations Immediate booking via Internet Automatic print-out of tickets, itineraries and receipts Direct connection between booking system and accounting system Elimination of booking forms

35. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 35 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Ticketing System - Recommendations Layout of the agency needs to be changed for staff to operate computers Staff training Changes to job design Support to older staff during period of change Changes to employment conditions must be examined Staff relationship with other non-techi staff members (Technology Power)

36. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 36 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Factors in HCI Organizational Factors Training, job design, politics, roles Work organization Environmental Factors Noise, heating, ventilation,lighting Health and Safety Stress, headaches, Musculo-skeleton, disorders Cognitive processes and capabilities The User Motivation, Enjoyment, Satisfaction, Personality Experience level Comfort Level Seating Equipment layout User Interface Input devices, output displays, dialogue structures, User of colour, icons, commands, graphics, natural language 3-D, user support materials, multimedia Task Factors Easy, complex, novel, Task allocation, repetitive,Monitoring, skills, multi-media Constraints Costs, timescales, budgets, Staff, equipment, building structure System Functionality Hardware, software, application Productivity Factors Increase output, increase quality, decrease costs, decrease errors,Decrease labour requirements, decrease production time, Increase creative and innovative ideas leading to new products

37. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 37 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI HCI is understanding the Complex Relationship between Human and Computers Two Distinct “Species” Successful Integration is dependent upon the a better understanding of both Species Hence HCI borrows and establishes its roots in Disciplines concerned with both

38. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 38 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI HCI has roots in many disciplines HCI is inter-disciplinary in nature

39. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 39 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Anthropology Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design Ergonomics & Human Factor Linguistics Social Organizational Psychology Philosophy Computer Science Cognitive Psychology HCI

40. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 40 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Human Side Cognitive Psychology Social Organizational Psychology Ergonomics and human Factors Linguistics Philosophy Sociology Anthropology

41. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 41 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Cognitive Psychology Understanding human behavior and mental processes Human information processing –See –Feel –Touch –Smell –Taste How much information can be processed and remembered

42. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 42 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Social Organizational Psychology Studying nature and causes of human behavior in social context Four core concerns –Influence of one individual on another person’s attitude and behavior –Impact of a group on its member’s attitude and behavior –Impact of a member on group’s activities and structure –Relationship between the structure and activities of different groups Informs designers how computers affect working practices

43. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 43 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Ergonomics or Human Factors To define and design tools and various artifacts for different work, leisure and domestic environment to suit the capacities and capabilities of users Ergonomist translates the above information from the above mentioned sciences into context of design of products Increase feelings of comfort and satisfaction Concerns –Hardware design –Radiation from VDUs –Repetitive Strain Injury (RPI)

44. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 44 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Linguistics Scientific study of languages Command-object (delete ‘report’ OR ‘report’ delete) Understanding structure (syntax) and meaning (semantics) HCI goal is to develop natural language interfaces

45. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 45 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Philosophy, Sociology and Anthropology Contribution in the sense of Soft Sciences for HCI Considers introduction of IT in society Ethnography involves observing people Cognitive psychology tries to predict Computer Supported Cooperative Writing

46. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 46 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Interdisciplinary Nature of HCI – Computer Side Computer Science Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design

47. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 47 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Other Disciplines Computer Science –Provides knowledge about capability of technology –Developing techniques to support software design, development and maintenance Artificial Intelligence –Intelligent Computing concerned with simulating human behaviour –HCI – development of expert and tutoring systems Engineering –Engineering takes finding of sciences and utilizes them in the production of artifacts Design –Design contributes creative skills and knowledge to this process

48. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 48 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Discipline of HCI

49. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 49 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT What We Learnt Today … Factors in HCI Interdisciplinary nature of HCI

50. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 50 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Anthropology Artificial Intelligence Engineering Design Ergonomics & Human Factor Linguistics Social Organizational Psychology Philosophy Computer Science Cognitive Psychology HCI

51. Virtual University - Human Computer Interaction 51 © 2005 Imran Hussain | UMT Next Lecture Human Side of HCI