1. Please take out a sheet of paper. The review for the final will begin when the bell rings.

2.  Review your last quiz.  Work with those at your table to understand each question and answer.  We will continue reviewing for the final shortly. Take notes!!

3.  Apply concepts relating to reproduction, genetics, DNA, and gene action.

4.  Do now (4 min)  Objectives (1 min)  Review retake quiz. (15 min)  Review other topics for semester final (30 min)

5.  Asexual v sexual ◦ How many parents? ◦ Clones –genetically identical ◦ or unique combinations of chromosomes?  Gametes: sperm and eggs (in sexual reprod.) ◦ Formed by process of meiosis, in testes or ovaries ◦ Independent assortment of the chromosomes –leads to variation in offspring  Fertilization: gametes combine to form a zygote 

6.  Combination of traits = phenotypes (physical)  Combination of genes = genotypes (genetic)  Dominant vs recessive traits  Homozygous vs heterozygous  Chromosomes are made of DNA (with proteins attached)  Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis (production of gametes) leads to new combinations (variation) in offspring  Pairs of chromosomes in nucleus of body cells  Genes are on chromosomes

7.  The code for each protein is determined by a unique gene.  Proteins are made of amino acids (about 20 different kinds).  Proteins have a variety of functions, for example: ◦ Structural (keratin) ◦ Enzyme (amylase) ◦ Transport (hemoglobin)  A protein’s function is determined by its amino acid sequence, which determines its shape & size.  A change in its amino acid sequence can change its shape or size, and therefore its functioning.

8.  Chargaff’s ratio and its use as evidence for DNA structure %A=%T, %G=%C  Structure:  Very long macromolecule, 2 strands  Sugar-phosphate “backbones” – held together with strong covalent bonds  Bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine  What pairs with what? - weak hydrogen bonds  A gene is a section of a DNA molecule

9.  A gene is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein, which has a specific structure and function.  When a gene is “expressed” it means its protein is being synthesized in this manner.  There are many different proteins, each of which are coded for by a different gene.  Different types of cells express different genes, leading to differences in the proteins present.  For example, hemoglobin is in red blood cells, and myosin is in muscle cells.

10.  DNA base sequences of a gene can be represented by the letters A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), and G (guanine) like this: TATACCGTGACT  What would the complementary strand be?  A gene is transcribed into mRNA. What mRNA sequence would be created from the original sequence?

11.  DNA base sequences of a gene can be represented by the letters A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), and G (guanine) like this:  TATACCGTGACT  What would the complementary strand be?  ATATGGCACTGA  A gene is transcribed into mRNA. What mRNA sequence would be created from the original sequence?  AUAUGGCACUGA

12.  In what type of cell would a mutation need to happen in order for it to be inherited by an organism’s offspring?  After fertilization, when would a new mutation need to happen in order for it to be found in all of the new organism’s cells?

13.  Will count as final retake for 3 standards.  In addition, the total grade is worth 10% of your grade.  Therefore, STUDY!