1. Biodiversity hotspots of primary producers at the global scale Alice Soccodato In collaboration with: d’Ovidio F, De Monte S, Levy M, Follows M, Alvain S. Liege – Friday 17 May 2013

2. Why do we care about biodiversity? Cadotte 2006 alpha gamma Individuals allelic diversity, activity rates, susceptibility, survival, natural selection Ecosystem: resistance & resilience, functioning & services Species & communities : migration, dispersal, blooming, diapose, ecological niche, range size and localization, (di)synhcronization, (dis)equilibrium, (un)coupling, energy flux, matter flux beta

3. Microbes can be dispersed universally but only measurable where conditions promote their growth. “ Everything is everywhere but environment selects ” (Baas-Becking 1934)

4. Species distributions and successions are based on a phase-space defined by energy and nutrients

5. Which are the ecological controls of phytoplankton biodiversity in the (sub)- mesoscale open ocean? - biophysical mechanisms (role of stirring) structuring meso- and sub-mesoscale distribution of phytoplankton species or functional types, aggregation and dispersion; - mapping biodiversity hotspots and gradients by integrating remote sensing, models and in situ data;

6. Methods Data: -Multisatellite data (altimetry, SST, Chl); -Darwin model (Follows et al. 2007; Barton et al.2010); -in-situ observations of planktonic communities; Analyses: - Physat algorithm: chl spectra phytoplankton dominant group (Alvain et al. 2008, 2012); - Lagrangian diagnostics: surface currents transport fronts, mixing regions and origin of water masses (F. d'Ovidio et al. 2010); - Biodiversity measures: remote sensed, model simulations and in-situ data hotspots.

7. Phytoplankton biogeography Follows et al. 2007 Physat

8. Horizontal stirring and phytoplankton communities: towards the definition of a new biodiversity index Area-based Shannon entropy Index high low

9. Global patterns of area-based diversity Hotspots by remote sensing Hotspots by Darwin Model

10. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity Darwin model Darwin model satellite (De Monte S, Soccodato A, et al 2013) Alpha Area-based

11. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity Darwin alpha biodiversity hotspots

12. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity Darwin Alpha + Darwin area-based biodiversity hotspots

13. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity Darwin Alpha + Darwin area-based + Physat area-based biodiversity hotspots

14. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity: in-situ nano-microplankton biodiversity De Monte S, Soccodato A, et al. 2013 Alpha div. (AMT) Area-based div. (satellite)

15. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity: in-situ biodiversity through taxa

16. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity: in-situ biodiversity through taxa

17. Biodiversity vs temperature Stegen et al. 2012 De Monte S, Soccodato A, et al. 2013 Area-based diversity vs SSTMetabolic diversity vs T Tittensor et al. 2010 Oceanic diversity vs SST

18.  Stirring creates environmental heterogeneity structuring phytoplankton distribution  Information on the alpha biodiversity of the whole phytoplankton community can be retrieved from just looking at the patchiness of dominant phytoplankton types  Patchiness happears as a functional structure of the pelagic environment with possible bottom up effect on the trophic chain. Conclusions

19. Thanks! Any questions? I'm all ears! Btw I’m a fenneck!

20. Alpha vs area-based biodiversity Barton et al. 2010 Vallina et al. submitted Darwin model satellite (De Monte S, Soccodato A, et al 2013) Alpha Area-based

21. Temporal diversity

23. Cadotte 2006 α,β,γ Diversity