2. “This campaign is more than a contest between two men…It is a contest between two philosophies of government” - Hoover  “Hoovervilles”  Bankruptcy  Bank runs  Desperation  Hopelessness Hoover: No gov’t help VS. FDR: Large scale problems require help! FDR had less federal experience then Hoover…. Could he save America?!

3. Franklin Delano Roosevelt  Democrat, 1932-1945  Born Jan 30, 1882 in NY to a wealthy family who had made their money off of real estate and trade  Only child  Attended Harvard University  Editor of the newspaper and received his degree in 3 years  Married Eleanor Roosevelt, his 5 th cousin on March 17, 1905  Attended law school at Columbia University and practiced law in NY  Briefly served in the US Senate and as Wilson’s Secretary of the Navy  Carried on a secret affair with Eleanor’s social secretary, Lucy Mercer  Was selected as James Cox’s VP in the election of 1920—they lost to Harding  Stricken with polio in 1921—very careful not to be seen in a wheelchair  Became Governor of NY in 1928  Ran for the Presidency in 1932 on the platform of “Relief, Recovery and Reform”  Only President to be elected FOUR times!  Died on April 12, 1945  His years in the White House would redefine the American Presidency!

4. The Election of FDR  Americans turn to gov. for help  FDR promised a “New Deal” that would pull them out of the Depression  His programs would forever change how Americans viewed the role of government  FDR won in a landslide in November 1932, 23 million votes. however Americans would have to wait until March 1933 for him to take office!  In his inaugural speech.. “So first of all let me asset my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

6. FDR’s Inaugural Speech  Let us take a look at FDR’s Speech and then we shall watch.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX_v 0zxM23Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX_v 0zxM23Q

7. Bring on the Assistance!  Brain Trust: Influential professionals appointed to his cabinet, including Raymond Moley, Adolf A. Berle and Rexford G. Tugwell  Frances Perkins 1 st women in a cabinet position Secretary of Labor  African American appointees to deal with African American issues  However FDR’s most trusted advisor was…

8. Eleanor Roosevelt  Worked on reform issues while married to FDR  Focused on child welfare, housing reform, and equal rights for women and minorities.  FDR’s “eyes and ears”  Very involved in politics—not conservative as she was “supposed to be.”

9. Reassurance…  FDR sought to renew people’s hope in 1933  Fireside Chats: Discussion on his plans for recovery and offered Americans confidence and hope. Regular.  The “New Deal” that he had campaigned under came to mean programs that would offer Relief, Recovery and Reform

10. The First Hundred Days  From March 9 – June 16, 1933  Roosevelt provided jobs and set-up agencies to help his fellow Americans…  Needed to gain American’s confidence back in banks…  March 5, 1933 all banks were ordered to close for 4 day’s  Emergency Banking Act approved on March 9 th All banks to close for 4 days on a “Bank Holiday” Allowed the gov. to inspect the stability of all banks! 2/3s reopened by March 15 th Americans regained trust!

11. Regulating Banking and Finance  Glass-Steagall Act of 1933: Step to reorganize the banking system. This established many organizations which would help deal with the issues of the GD.

12. Banking  FDIC= Federal Depository Insurance Corporation Insures all bank deposits! (Up to $5,000– now $250,000) Provided people with security Caused banks to be more cautions with lending Money back in banks!

13. Stock Market…  The Federal Securities Act (May 1933) Required companies to provide info. about their finances if they offered stock for sale  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) June 1934 Regulation of the stock market “Rigging”  Federal Reserve Board Regulate buying on margin

14. 21 st Amendment  1933  Repeals 18 th Amendment  Allows gov. to tax alcohol again.

15. Help for Rural America  The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Aimed to end overproduction and raise crop prices Provided financial aid to farmers and paid subsidies not to plant on parts of their land  The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA Built dams to control power and generate electricity Replanted forests, created jobs and attracted industry Gov’t was given direct control of business  Farm Security Administration Document the situation of American farmers Dorothea Lange’s famous photo “Migrant Mother”

16. Civilian Conservation Corps Took needy young men off the streets and put them to work in forests and national parks18-25 carved out roads and hiking trails cleaned up beaches cleared camping areas 3 million young men were put to work ! Public Works Projects Public Works Administration (PWA) Built brides, power plants, government buildings i.e. NY’s Triborough Bridge, the Overseas Highway to link Key West and Miami

17. Promoting Fair Practices  National Recovery Administration (NRA) “the most important and far-reaching legislation ever enacted by the American Congress.” –FDR ○ Restore the economy through planning ○ i.e. fair business practices, wage regulation, prices, negotiation powers ○ Minimum wages for workers, minimum prices for goods that businesses sold If workers made more they would buy more, prices would rise and companies would profit

18. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Meant to assist overburdened local agencies Put federal money into public works programs ○ For ex. The Civil Works Administration (CWA) ○ Unemployed went to work—fixing roads, parks, building airports. ○ 4 million employees

19. Housing Efforts  Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Refinanced mortgages—payments more manageable 1 million low-interest loans  National Housing Act of 1934 Improve standards, conditions and insure mortgages

20. Opposition from the Right…  Although the New Deal had brought much success it also had its critics Was it too controlling? Almost socialist in nature? Deficit spending? Former President Hoover called it “the most stupendous invasion of the whole spirit of liberty” Critics formed the American Liberty League (1934)—had Roosevelt deserted the Democratic party’s principles of limited government…? Limited American freedoms, unconstitutional ○ Led by Alfred E. Smith

21. Other Critics of FDR/The New Deal  Demagogues—leaders who manipulate the people with half-truths, promises, etc.  Father Coughlin: “Radio Priest” Contradictory—1 st supported FDR then took it back Accused FDR of not doing enough to help Americans “The Raw Deal” Nationalization of industry mixed with anti-semitism and attacks on Communists who were “running the country” Later praised Hitler and Mussolini Ordered off the air (1942)  Huey Long Senator (1932); LA Share-Our-Wealth Program Limit individual income to $1 mill; inheritance to $5 mill. Anything redistributed– all families minimum income of $2,500

22. Think, Pair, Share  Working with the person next to you, discuss how you would feel about the New Deal. Where would you find yourself on the spectrum?

23. Crash Course  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bMq 9Ek6jnA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bMq 9Ek6jnA

24. Second New Deal  Despite the criticism of FDR, the public continued to support him  1935—Second New Deal Aimed to include social welfare benefits, stricter business controls, higher taxes on the rich, worker’s rights, etc.

26. Works Progress Administration  Built of improved upon the nation’s highways, harbors and promoted soil and water conservation  Also provided programs for displaced artists Writers Artists  1943, employed 8 million people and spent about $11 billion 651,000 miles of roads 125,000 public buildings

27. Show Me the Money!  Programs were EXPENSIVE  Federal deficit grew from $461 million in 1932 to $4.4 billion in 1936!  British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that deficit spending was necessary to end the Depression “pump priming” ○ Putting people to work on public works projects put money in the hands of the consumers who would buy more goods and as a result stimulate the economy

28. Social Security  Social Security system was set-up (1935): Old Age pensions & survivor’s benefits ○ Age 65 Unemployment insurance ○ For workers who lost their jobs Aid for dependent children, the blind & disabled Did not protect farmers & domestic workers (2/3 of African Americans)  Critics said Social Security would ○ Assigned people numbers– dog tags? ○ Could all people be forced to pay into the system…?

29. A Welfare State  New Deal policies led to the rise of a welfare state Gov’t assumes responsibility of general welfare of children, the poor, elderly, disabled, sick and unemployed ○ Most Americans had never received direct gov’t benefits before  Established the idea that the federal gov’t was responsible for the welfare, or well- being, of all American citizens

30. Changing Relationships.. America and the Farmer  Rural Electrification Administration (REA) Loaned money to utilities companies to build power lines and bring electricity to rural areas By 1950 80% of American farms had electricity Farm prices stabilized and gov’t would provide price supports, or subsidies, if necessary

31. Everybody’s Joining in…  Union activity surged! National Labor Relations Acts ○ Known as the Wagner Act Joining a labor union was a worker’s right Power of collective bargaining!  National Labor Relations Board Investigate complaints  Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) Minimum wage (.25 cents/hr) & max work week (44 hrs) Outlawed child labor By 1940 9 million workers belonged to Unions—twice as many than in 1930!

32. Election of 1936

33. The Election of 1936  Alfred M. Landon (Govenor, Kansas) vs. FDR  FDR won by a landslide– 523-8 in the E.C.

34. Overwhelming Victory

35. FDR vs. the Supreme Court  Schechter Poultry v. United States (1936) President has no power to regulate interstate commerce—made the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional Was the President getting too powerful? Would the Supreme Court continue to strike down other parts of New Deal legislation?

36. Other New Deal Issues: The Court-Packing Fiasco  February 5, 1937  FDR asked Congress to appoint 6 additional judges to the Supreme Court  FDR said he wanted to “lighten the burden” on the judges– really wanted guaranteed support!  Court packing!  Opponents argued – separation of powers!  Some turned against Roosevelt

37. A Change in the Courts  By 1937 though the Court began to turn FDR’s way…  Minimum wage law and the Wagner Act were both upheld as constitutional  As retirements happened FDR was able to nominate new Justices with his political leanings, including Felix Frankfurter  By the end of 1937 the Court was accepting a larger role in the federal government

38. The New Deal.. Not a cure all…  The New Deal provided temporary economic improvement  August 1937—another collapse— the nation entered a recession Rising national debt Gov’t borrows when it’s revenue (income) doesn’t keep up with expenses To fund the New Deal the gov’t had to borrow lots of money!!

39. Did the New Deal enough?  Some believed the nation’s entire economy needed to be reformed—FDR’s reforms wouldn’t be enough  For women: Didn’t fight gender discrimination Minimum wage for men was higher Didn’t protect domestic workers  For African Americans: Reinforced racial segregation Not offered ‘professional jobs’  Upton Sinclair End Poverty in California (EPIC) State takes over factories and farms Needed a Socialist approach

40. FDR’s ‘Black Cabinet’  Brought in African American leaders to advise him Robert Weaver & William Hastie ○ Weaver was the 1 st African American Cabinet member ○ Harvard grads who rose to high positions in the Dept of the Interior  FDR didn’t always side with the ‘Black Cabinet’ though….  NAACP tried to introduce anti-lynching legislation  FDR did not support it– he said if he did southern Democrats “would block every bill I ask Congress to pass”

41. Native Americans & the New Deal  1887 Native Americans had owned 138 million acres—by the early 1930s they owned only 48 million  John Collier—Commissioner of Indian Affairs  Indian New Deal—economic assistance New schools, hospitals Bureau of Indian Affairs ○ Encouraged Indian religions, languages, customs Indian Reorganization Act—control over their tribal lands

42. The New Deal Coalition  New Deal coalition—brought together southern whites, northern blue collar workers, poor mid-western farmers and African Americans  For the first time African Americans began to support the Democratic Party  Arthur W. Mitchell (IL) became the 1 st African American Democrat elected to Congress (1934)  Democratic Party grew in Congress during the New Deal

43. The Culture of the New Deal  Movies Gave Americans a sense of escapism By 1939, 2/3rds of Americans went to the movies once a week ○ The Wizard of Oz ○ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ○ Frankenstein Frankenstein ○ Gone With the Wind ○ Public Enemy—a declining faith in gov’t & law enforcement with characters turning to crime to survive the Depression

44. The Culture of the New Deal  Radio NBC and CBS established themselves as broadcasting giants By 1939 about 9 in 10 American owned a radio ○ Comedians like Bob Hope & Jack Benny ○ Jack Benny & Bob Hope Jack Benny & Bob Hope ○ Soap operas ○ The Lone Ranger

45. Music & Literature  Swing music played by “big bands” became very popular Duke Ellington Glenn Miller ○ "In the Mood" "In the Mood" Bing Crosby  The Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck)  Comic strips—Superman!

46. The New Deal  FDR’s policies helped a lot of people by providing recovery, relief, and reform  The powers of the feds had increased dramatically! With this expanded role the feds would now bear the responsibility of the nation’s economy FDR expanded the Presidency and changed the relationship between the executive and the people, the press and the other branches of gov’t  But did it really fix American society?  World War II would eventually pull us out of the depression with an increase in production and job availability!