1. Japanese ODA by Aid type (2007 constant prices) Gross loans Net loans Grants (billion $) Debt forgiveness

2. Expected collaboration between private and public sector in Japan Japanese ODA wants yen-loan projects in bigger scale To share costs and risks of Africa business Infrastructure building based on demand of the private sector Project design on custom-made PPP based upon the above principles

3. People Government CSR PPP G-G donor country recipient tax, loyalty PPP Open direct channels to the people to strengthen our relations with Africa business investor

4. IDE-JETRO projects scientific design of effective CSR program With Toyota South Africa anti-HIV/AIDS program in its factory With Sumitomo Corporation effective utilization of Olyset-Net in Madagascar With Hernic Ferrochrome Ltd. community-development program at the company’s surroundings

5. Development stages Agricultural productivity increase will provide abundant and cheap food Cheap food will keep labor cost low Low labor cost will attract investment in labor- intensive industries Expansion of labor-intensive industries will achieve full-employment Full-employment will result in wage increase Chemical fertilizer industry stands for this history

6. -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 188519001020304050607080902000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Rice yield per ha Real economic growth rate High economic growth period in Japan was coincident with the rapid improvement in rice yield (kg/ha)

7. Industrial expenditures in general account of Japanese government (1955-1975) Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery Industry, Mining Transportation, telecommunication

8. Abnormally low level of cereal yield in Africa (kg/ha) Sub-Saharan Africa Global average Asia

9. Fertilizer input volume correlation with land productivity: 0.99 in Asia 0.94 in Latin America 0.86 in Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America South Asia Southeast Asia (kg/ha)

10. Price indices of chemical fertilizers Almost prohibitive level in Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America Developing Asia

11. ‘Diminishing return’ has brought impoverishment Cereal production per farmer (kg per farmer) China India Sub-Saharan Africa Southeast Asia

12. Low productivity brings comparatively high food price in Africa Index of cereal price Index of meat price

13. High food price results in high wage :No comparative advantage in labor Average wage (1990 constant dollars)

14. Agricultural development in Africa will become more than African Development matter Global grain market will be much tighter ‘Land Rush’ from the Middle East and East Asia Grain and food business will attract much more interest Exemplified by Zambeef

15. Disconnect between urban and rural urbanization has brought food import Cereal dependency to import Urbanization rate Cereal dependency including food aid

16. Import share in the world trade volume Africa -wheat Africa -rice Japan -maize

17. Cereal import volume East Asia Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Japan (million tonnes)

18. Agricultural trade of Zambia (shares in GDP) import export

19. Agricultural trade balance shares in GDP Sub-Saharan Africa Zambia

20. If food sufficiency rate exceeds 100% in Zambia, Disadvantage of land-locked will turn to be big advantage

21. Attract Japanese companies Build firm agriculture to establish stable society free from poverty, which make Zambia an advantageous country in the continent Become a gateway to the regional market, which make disadvantage as a land-locked to geographical advantage Japanese companies are now under push-out pressure because of shrinking domestic market cement, building materials, education business, food manufacturing, etc.