1. Unit 6 Europe

2. Satellite View

3. 3,800 square miles

4. Regions

5. Europe Population Density

6. Climate
Strait of Gibraltar
Separates Europe from Africa

7. Landmarks
Strait of Gibraltar- separates Europe from Africa at the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea
Climates varied climate regions--everything from tundra to Mediterranean
Western & Northern Europe dominated by Marine West Coast, due to the prevailing westerly winds off the Atlantic Ocean
Eastern by Cool & Subarctic,
Southern by Mediterranean

8. North Atlantic Drift
Is a powerful warm ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream northeast. West of Ireland it splits in two; one branch, the Canary Current, goes south, while the other continues north along the coast of northwestern Europe.

9. Average Annual Precipitation

10. Peninsulas and Islands
Europe is a large peninsula made of smaller ones.
Europe has islands in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. All have depended on trade.

11. European Peninsulas Northern Peninsulas: Scandinavian Jutland
Southern Peninsulas:
Iberian
Italian
Balkan

12. Scandinavian Peninsula
Northern Peninsulas
Scandinavian Peninsula
Jutland Peninsula

13. Scandinavian Peninsula
Norway and Sweden

14. Jutland Peninsula
Denmark and a small part of Germany

15. Southern Peninsulas Crimean Peninsula Iberian Peninsula
Italian Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula
AnatoleanPeninsula

16. Iberian Peninsula
Spain and Portugal

17. Italian Peninsula
Italy

18. Balkan Peninsula
It is very mountainous and is surrounded by the Adriatic, Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas.

19. European Islands Larger Islands: Located in the North Atlantic.
Great Britain
Ireland
Iceland
Greenland
Smaller islands: Located in the Mediterranean Sea.
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
Crete

20. North Atlantic Islands

21. Mediterranean Islands

22. Strait of Gibraltar & the “Pillars of Hercules”
Mediterranean Sea:
Strait of Gibraltar & the “Pillars of Hercules”
2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide
“Crossroads of 3 Continents”
Strait of Gibraltar- separates Europe from Africa at the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea

23. Mountains
Mountains and uplands have made movement of people, goods, and ideas more difficult. They also affect the weather.

24. The Alps
Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, and parts of Italy and France.
*Innovations in transportation and technology have made the alps much less of a barrier to travel and trade

25. Mt. Blanc in the Alps
Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet

26. The Pyrenees Mountains
Restrict movement from France to Spain and Portugal.

27. The Apennine Mountains
Divide the Italian Peninsula between east and west.

28. The Balkan Mountains
Blocks off the Balkan Peninsula from the rest of Europe.
Historically, have isolated the peninsula’s ethnic groups from each other.

29. Uplands
Uplands are hills or low mountains that may contain mesas or high plateaus.

30. The Meseta
Spain’s central plateau, this an upland region.

31. Massif Central
French uplands.

32. Rivers: Europe’s Link
The two major rivers are the Danube and the Rhine.
They are or were used for transportation, power, and trade.

33. Rivers
Po R.
Tiber R.

34. Rhine River

35. The Danube River
1770 miles

36. The Danube River
Flows through the 12 countries of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine.

37. Fertile Plains
The most important plain in Europe is the Northern European Plain.
It produces a lot of food but is also an avenue for invasion.
Europe has an abundance of coal and iron ore and those resources are essential for making steel.
The Irish burn peat because they lack other kinds of energy resources.
Peat – is partially decayed plant matter found in bogs (is a wetland).

38. Environmental Issues

39. Dikes
*The Dutch needed land reclaimed from the Sea. To do this they built Dikes, earthen banks to hold back the sea.

40. Polder
*The Dutch then drained the water off the land. The land that is reclaimed by dikes and drainage is a polder.

41. Zuider Zee
An arm of the North Sea that the Dutch transformed into a freshwater lake.

42. Ijsselmeer
Name of the freshwater lake created by the Zuider Zee.

43. Waterways for Commerce
Water transportation is important in Venice because the city is made up of islands and canals.
Venice grew because it is a good location for trade.
Problems Venice faces are pollution, flooding, algae, and it is sinking.

44. Water Pollution
Mines and factories create much of Europe’s water pollution.
Sewage contaminates rivers and many cities do not have treatment plants.
Oil spills spread and kill wildlife.
*Spain built Europe’s first desalination plant.

45. Cleaning Up the Water
Because water pollution spreads so easily, nations must cooperate to solve the problem.
The EU also set up the European Environmental Agency, which provides the EU with reliable information about the environment.

46. Deforestation One fourth of Europe is affected by acid rain.
Acid rain is produced when sulfur emissions from factories combine with water vapor.
Clearing of forest for fuel and building and industrial pollution have all led to deforestation.

47. Agricultural Pollution
Chemical fertilizers cause algae and plants to grow faster than fish can eat them. Plants and algae die, a process that uses up oxygen.
Agricultural pesticides can harm wildlife, contaminate water, and kill beneficial insects.

48. Air Quality
Air pollution is made up of harmful gases and particulates, very small particles of liquid or solid matter.
Using fossil fuels causes much air pollution.
Other causes are fires, chemical use, and industry.

49. Cultural Characteristics

50. Religions of Europe

51. Catholicism dominates the countries that border the Mediterranean Sea.
*Catholic religion in Europe can be related to cultural diffusion through the power and reach of the Roman Empire that brought Christian/Catholicism
*Based on current immigration trends, Islam is most likely to increase in Western Europe over the next 20 years.

52. Enclave – an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it (Ex. Vatican City within the city of Rome)
Exclave – a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory (ex. Kaliningrad, Alaska).
Kaliningrad is an Exclave of Russia
C is B’s Exclave, and A’s Enclave

53. **The rich history of Europe attracts many tourist.
Cultural Landscape
**The rich history of Europe attracts many tourist.
In Paris the following cultural icons can be found:
Notre Dame, Arc de Triomphe, Louvre, Eiffel Tower

54. Notre Dame

55. Eiffel Tower -- Paris

56. In Italy the following cultural icons can be found:
Colosseum, Leaning Tower of Pisa, St. Peter’s Basilica

57. Colosseum--Italy

58. Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy

59. St. Peter’s Basilica

60. In Greece—the Parthenon
In England--Westminster Abbey and Big Ben
In Europe in general--windmills (Netherlands) and castles

61. Parthenon in Greece

62. Big Ben--England

63. Westminster Abbey

64. Windmills and Castles

65. Economic Issues and Influences

66. Developing the Economy
*Eastern European countries moved from farming to industry because the soviet Union promoted industry.
Communist governments restricted economic development because factories were state owned and told what they could produce.
Moving toward a market economy has been of benefit in Eastern Europe because factories can make products that are in demand.

67. There are oil reserves in the North Sea
There are oil reserves in the North Sea. Great Britain has claimed many of them.
Most countries of Europe, especially Western Europe, have a well educated workforce.
*The economic level that most European countries are at is the quaternary level.

68. Economic Problems in Mediterranean Europe
The region faces economic challenges, for example Italy’s northern region is much more developed than its southern half. The reason for this is…
The north is closer to other industrial countries of Europe, such as Germany and France.
The south has poorer transportation systems.
The Government made bad decisions trying to promote economic growth (starting industries that did not benefit the local people.

69. *High Speed Rail in Europe
Is emerging in Europe as a popular and efficient mean of transportation
Reason’s for:
Tourism to Europe from other parts of the world.
Need for day travel so that business can be taken care of thus eliminating overnight stays.
European Union creating connections across political lines for work and trade.
Economics
Above 250kph = 155+ mph
kph = mph

70. Characteristic – a distinguishing feature or quality
Characteristic – a distinguishing feature or quality *Supranationalism – the principle or practice of international cooperation above and beyond national limitations. Examples: NATO, UN, EU

71. Satellite Nations
After World War II, the Soviet Union set up communist governments in Eastern Europe. It became a region of satellite nations. These are nations that are controlled by another nation.

72. Globalization – can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together.

73. In the Starbucks photo we see the global effect of Starbucks with the use of Coffee beans, Sugar, and Paper. A single cup of Coffee can depend upon as many as 19 different countries bringing you that perfect blend and cup of coffee. Looking at the McDonald's photo there are 4-5 locations that have 2,000-10,000 plus restaurants. Also, look and compare the $41 billion McDonald’s makes in sales to the other big name restaurant companies such as Taco Bell, Wendy’s, Pizza Hut, and Burger King. McDonald’s alone has over 31,000 restaurants in 118 countries employing more than 1.5 million people worldwide.
wikispaces.net/Globalization

74. European Union

75. European Union
In 1993, the European Union (EU) was formed. It is an alliance of free market countries.
The EU faces many issues including settling economic and political differences, replacing national currencies with the Euro, and expanding membership.

76. As of January 1, 2007, there are twenty-seven member countries of the European Union
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom

77. European Union Norway has chosen not to join the European Union.
Even nations belonging to the European union have mixed feelings about the euro, European common currency.

78. European Union Pro- More global power joined together
-Economic benefits
Con- Want own money
Worry about former communist countries
Don’t want to lose national identity

79. *Immigration
Immigration is a major issue in Europe today. France has passed many immigration reforms aimed at Muslim immigrants from the Middle East and Northern Africa.