1. 11-12-13 State of Consciousness: Handout Review Quiz Tomorrow 11-13-13
- Study Handout!
Nightmares
- Reading/Video
Sleep
- Why do infants sleep all the time?
- How much? What happens if we don’t sleep?

2. 11-12-13 Hypnosis and Meditation - Attention? Focus? Power? Suggestion
- Video
Drug States
- Do these things really alter our mood, perception, and behavior?

3. Memory & Information Processing
In order to remember something, we must:
Encode (get info into our brain)
Store (keep the info somewhere safe)
Retrieve (get the info back out later)
How Do We Encode Info?
Selective Attention
Where Do We Store Info?
Long Term Memory
Short Term Memory
Sensory Memory

4. Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory
External
Events
Sensory
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention &
Encoding
Short-Term
Memory
Retrieval
Encoding
Long-Term
Memory

5. Easier to recall concrete words than abstract words
#21 Encoding Imagery
Earliest memories involve mental imagery
Easier to recall concrete words than abstract words
Balloon vs Process
Flashbulb Memories
“Where were you when…?

6. Organizing Info & Encoding
Meaningful Info is Easier to Encode
Chunking
Magical Number 7±2
“ciacnnabccbsnbc”
ROYGBIV
Hierarchies
Broad Concepts First
Details Next
Class Notes

7. #1Forgetting - Encoding Failure?
Sensory
Memory
External
Events (Stimuli)
Attention &
Encoding
Short-Term
Memory
Retrieval
Encoding
Long-Term
Memory

8. A Simplified Memory Model
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-term
Long-term
Sensory input
Attention to important
or novel information
Encoding
Retrieving

9. Storage: Sensory Memory Experiment
How do we know it exists? Sperling (1960)
K Z R
Q B T
S G F
50 msec display
Immediate Recall of All 9 Letters
Only about 50% recall
Cued Recall of Specific Row (tone)
Almost 100% recall
Iconic Memory
~ 250 msecs
Echoic Memory
~ 3-4 seconds

10. #23Storage: Short Term Memory
Task
Remember CHJ
(no rehearsal)
100 80 60 40 20 J
Time (sec) between presentation
and recall
Percent of Ss who
recalled consonants
Limited Time (rehearsal)
Limited Capacity (7 ± 2)
STM

11. Storage: Long Term Memory
Ave adult brain has ~ 1 billion bits of info stored
Capacity may be ,000,000 times greater
How precise and durable
are our memories?
Forgetting Curve
(Ebbinghaus)
Much of what we learn
we quickly forget 60 50 40 30 20 10 J
Time (days) since learning
Percent of list
retained

12. #24 Where/How are Memories Stored?
Lashley’s Rats - Train rats & remove specific portions of their brains
Gerard’s Hamsters - train hamsters & temporarily “turn off” brain’s electrical activity
Q: Do they still “remember”?
A: Yes
Conclusion
Memories do not reside in a single, specific location.

13. Storage: Long-Term Memory
MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)
Hippocampus

14. Storage: Long-Term Memory
Amnesia--the loss of memory
Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
also called declarative memory
hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Implicit Memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
also called procedural memory

15. #25 So...How are Memories Stored?
Aplysia - during conditioning:
1. More serotonin released at certain synapses
2. These synapses became more efficient
Long Term Potentiation - prolonged
strengthening of potential neural firing…
Looks Like Learning!
Serotonin
Blockers
Alcohol
Boxing
Shock Therapy
Serotonin
Stimulators
Stress
Emotions

16. #26 Encoding Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
space
time
frequency
well-learned information
word meanings
we can learn automatic processing
reading backwards

17. Implicit & Explicit Memories The Case of the Lost Mariner
Amnesiacs, incapable of learning new facts,
can be conditioned to do new tasks
They know things but don’t remember learning!
Implicit Memory
Knowing how to
do something
Cerebellum
Explicit Memory
Knowing that you
know something
Hippocampus

18. #29 Remembering: Retrieval Cues
Recognition (multiple choice)
Identification of items
previously learned
Recall (Fill in Blank)
Retrieval of information
previously learned
Retrieval Cues - help us to remember
“hare”
Web of Associations
Priming
Activation of a
connected node
(Implicit)

19. Encoding Imagery Mnemonics mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics
memory aids
especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

20. #27 Encoding Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units
like horizontal organization
often occurs automatically
use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream

21. Encoding: Chunking
Organized information is more easily recalled

22. Storage: Retaining Information
Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

23. #28 Storage: Short-Term Memory10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 3 6 9 12 15 18
Time in seconds between presentation
of contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
Percentage
who recalled
consonants
Short-Term Memory
limited in duration and capacity
“magical” number 7+/-2

24. Remembering: Context & Mood
Context Effect
Memory increases if recall occurs in the same context as encoding.

25. #31Storage: Long-Term Memory
How does storage work?
Karl Lashley (1950)
rats learn maze
lesion cortex
test memory
Synaptic changes=
Long-term Potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories
some stress hormones boost learning and retention

26. Remembering: Context & Mood
Context Effect
Memory increases if recall occurs in the same context as encoding.
State-Dependent
Memory increases if mood at recall is the same as retrieval

27. Forgetting As Retrieval Failure
Some info may never
make it to LTM
Encoding Failure
Some info may not
make it out of LTM
Interference
Interference - learning some items may interfere
with learning other items
Proactive vs Retroactive
Interference

28. #30 Retrieval Cues Deja Vu (French)--already seen
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before."
Mood-congruent Memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues
State-dependent Memory
what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

29. Hours elapsed after learning syllables
Forgetting
Retroactive Interference
Without interfering
events, recall is
better
After sleep
After remaining awake
Hours elapsed after learning syllables
90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage
of syllables
recalled

30. #32 Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure
Which penny is the real thing?

31. Time in years after completion of Spanish course
Forgetting
The forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school
Retention
drops,
then levels off
½ 14½ ½ ½
Time in years after completion of Spanish course
100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Percentage of
original
vocabulary
retained

32. Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure
Information never enters the long-term memory
External
events
Sensory
memory
Short-
term
Long-
Attention
Encoding
failure leads
to forgetting

33. Interference Past Present Past Present Proactive Interference
Something learned earlier disrupts something learned later.
Past
Present
Retroactive Interference
Something learned later disrupts something learned earlier.
Past
Present

34. #32Forgetting- Interference
Motivated Forgetting
people unknowingly revise memories
Repression
defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

35. #33 Memory Construction Most people can agree on the following:
Injustice happens
Forgetting happens
Recovered memories are commonplace
Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs are especially unreliable
Memories of things happening before age 3 are unreliable
Memories, whether false or real, are upsetting

36. Memory Research indicates that we remember 10 percent of what we read
50 percent of what we see and hear
and 90 percent of what we say and experience.

37. Memory
we remember 10% of what we hear, 20% of what we read, 50% of what we do, 75% of what we discuss and 90% of what we teach.

38. Memory

39. There are FOUR Types of Memory Devices we will examine
Mnemonic Device (Michael Scott)
Acronyms (HOMES)
Chunking (See Below)
Symantics (A “Punny Story”)

40. CHOOSE TWO OF THE FOLLOWING: Create or Recall a Learning Device
Using one of these strategies from school or a personal hobby. (Anything Appropriate)
Mnemonic Device (Michael Scott)
Acronyms (HOMES)
Chunking (See Below)
Symantics (A “Punny Story”)