1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. INDUSTRIALIZATION  Modern concept of industry means the manufacturing of goods in a factory.  Origin: northern England and southern Scotland in second half of 18 th century.  Industrial Revolution refers to improvements made in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Industrial Regions  Industry is concentrated in three regions  Europe  North America  East Asia  Each regions accounts for roughly ¼ of the world’s total industrial output.  Brazil and India account for most of industrial output outside of the aforementioned regions.

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Europe’s Industrial Areas Europe was the first region to industrialize during the nineteenth century. Numerous industrial centers emerged in Europe as countries competed with each supremacy

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  North America’s Industrial Areas Industry arrived a bit later in North America than in Europe, but it grew much faster in the nineteenth century.  North America’s manufacturing was traditionally highly concentrated in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.  In recent years, manufacturing has relocated to the South, lured by lower wages and legislation that has made it difficult for unions to organize factory workers.

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. East Asia’s Industrial Areas East Asia became an important industrial region in the second half of the twentieth century, beginning with Japan. Into the twenty-first century, China has emerged as the world’s leading manufacturing country by most measures.

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important?  Geographers attempt to explain why one location may prove more profitable for a factory than others.  Companies ordinarily face two geographic costs. 1. Situation factors – costs associated with the established transportation networks accessible from a specific place. 2. Site factors – costs resulting from the unique characteristics of a location.

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Are Situation Factors Important? Situation Factors: Proximity to Inputs ‒ The farther something is transported, the higher the costs, so a manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to its inputs and markets. 1. Proximity to Input: optimal plant location is near the input. ‒ Raw material transportation costs > transportation costs of product to consumer »Bulk-reducing Industry: Because inputs weigh more than the final products, plant location is near market to reduce transportation costs. 2. Proximity to Market: optimal plant location is near the market. ‒ Raw material transportation costs < transportation costs of product to consumer

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Proximity to Markets –Critical locational factor for three types of industries. 1.Bulk-Gaining Industries Production of a product that gains volume or weight during its production. Examples –Fabrication of parts and machinery from steel and other metals. –Plants where beverages are bottled.

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Beer is a bulk-gaining industry. The cans or bottles are filled mostly with water. Most beer is bottled near major metropolitan areas, where most of the consumers are clustered add to caption: The areas in color on the map have relatively high population density.

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.Single-Market Manufacturers –Specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers. –Optimal location for factories is often in close proximity to the customers. –Examples »Producers of specialized components attached to clothing e.g. zippers, buttons, or pins. »Makers of parts for motor vehicles.

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. YKK, the world’s largest manufacturer of zippers, has factories in 68 countries, in order to serve its single market: clothing manufacturers.

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3.Perishable Products –Companies specializing in perishable products must be located in close enough proximity to their markets that the product does not spoil or become dated during transportation. –Examples »Food Products e.g. bakers and milk bottlers »Time Sensitive Products e.g. printed newspapers

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Potato chips are best consumed when fresh, and they are much bulkier after they have been sliced, fried until they curl, and placed in large air-filled bags. As a result, most are produced relatively close to the market.

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air? –Firms seek the lowest-cost mode of transport. –The cost per kilometer (mi.) decreases at different rates for each of the four modes, because loading and unloading expenses differ by mode of transportation. –Many companies that use multiple transport modes locate at a break-of-bulk point, which is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible. Examples include seaports and airports

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Site Factors –1. Labor Most important factor on a global scale. –Minimizing labor costs, which vary around the world, is extremely important to some industries. A labor-intensive industry is an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a higher percentage of expenses.

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The chart shows average hourly wages for workers in manufacturing in the 14 countries with the largest industrial production in 2010.

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Site Factors –2. Capital Manufacturers typically borrow the funds needed to establish new factories or expand existing ones. Ability to borrow money has greatly influenced the distribution of industry in developing countries. –3. Land Lots must be large enough to accommodate efficient, contemporary one-story buildings. –Mostly available in suburban and rural locations and tends to be relatively cheaper than land in the city.

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. –4. Textiles and Apparel Production of textiles (woven fabrics) and apparel (clothing) generally requires less-skilled, low-cost labor. Majority of spinning, which is a process to make cotton, is done primarily in low-wage countries. –China: Produces 2/3 of the world’s cotton thread. Majority of apparel weaving is highly clustered in low-wage countries. –China: Produces 60% of fabric worldwide. –India: Produces 30% of fabric worldwide.

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Two-thirds of world cotton yarn is produced in China, including by this woman.

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Emerging Industrial Regions –Mexico and NAFTA The North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) eliminated most barriers to moving goods among Mexico, the U.S., and Canada since 1994. Mexico attracts labor-intensive industries because of its relatively low-cost labor and its proximity to the U.S. –Plants in Mexico near the U.S. border are known as maquiladoras.

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Weber Location Theory