1. ? Reading Hidden Intentions in the Human Brain John-Dylan Haynes, Katsuyuki Sakai, Geraint Rees, Sam Gilbert, Chris Frith, and Richard E. Passingham Tae Hyuk Keum

2. ? Introduction Goal-related processing increases activity in prefrontal cortex –frontopolar, lateral, medial, and prefrontal cortex

3. ? Introduction Previous studies proposed: –Preparation of motor responses –Holding a set of potential choices in mind –Tracking memory of previous choices –General processes for establishing a new task What is unclear: - Whether the increase in prefrontal activity encode a subject’s current intention

4. ? Hypothesis/Aim Prefrontal cortex possibly encodes information currently being prepared by a subject Use choice-delay-response task to see if it is possible to decode from activity in prefrontal cortex which task the subjects were covertly intending to perform

5. ? Experiment Participants: –3 Male, 5 Female –Age (21 ~ 35) –All right-handed –Had normal vision or corrected vision acuity Choice-delay-response task - 8 scanning runs (32 trials each) - fMRI 3T

6. ? Experiment 2.8 ~ 10.7s 2s 2 correct 2 wrong + or -

7. ? Experiment Decoding analysis –Searchlight approach –Multivariate pattern recognition –Classification according to the typical response pattern –Voxel-by-voxel analysis to create 3D spatial map according to decoding accuracy

8. ? Results Green: intention coded during delay Red: intention coded during execution

9. ? Results MPFCa activity: -significantly high decoding accuracy only during delay (covert intention) -overall increase during delay MPFCp activity informative during task execution but not delay No difference in both intentions (+,-) for overall activity other than spatial patterns

10. ? Discussion MPFCa encode goals during preparation MPFCp encode goals during execution MPFC contain localizable task-specific representations of chosen intentions (shown for 1 st time) Two intentions are coded not by increase in global activity, but by spatial response patterns ?

11. ?? Strengths –Subjects rarely chose wrong answer (5%) –Complex/systematic fMRI analysis Fine-grained neural representations –Very well controlled Variable delay Randomized response positions –No covert motor preparations Limitations - Unable to separate motor preparations from encoding of intentions during execution period - Rapid pacing of trials -cannot analyze period prior to cued selection - Experiment is quite long (32 trials X 8 runs)

12. ? Future studies Is MPFC generally involved in encoding task- specific intentions or for +/- specifically? Possible to decode which task is chosen before being aware of choosing it? Do regions of PFC have clustered functional specializations? ?

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